THIS IS A READ-ONLY ARCHIVE FROM THE SORABJI.COM MESSAGE BOARDS (1995-2016). |
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I'm tending towards Gore falling on his sword and claiming he's making the sacrifice for the stability of the country. But what do I know? |
DOES anyone care anymore? I never gave a rats ass for who won... but this outcome is everything I ever could have hoped for, short of Nader winning. I do have to question Gore's strategy, of course. While the legal challenges in Florida are one front, and one that my prevail, if I were him, I would be spending plenty of time propagandizing about "the will of the people" and the fact that he won the popular vote. Either way, I think that this election will wake a lot of people up to the stupidity of this system, and Nader's chunk of the liberal vote may remind the Dems that they need to get more to the left of the political spectrum, where they came from. None of this middle of the road "centrist" crap. |
as for the recount thing, i think the whole goddam country should be hand recounted, even if it takes as long as january to get it done. in my view, this election is a farce unless they do that. if it goes to the supreme court, i think they'd have to either refuse to take the case or order a national recount. anything else and they'd be accused of more or less choosing their future colleagues. i don't care if either bush or gore win, i just want the winner to win. i believe the winner would be gore. fuck no, he shouldn't concede. that's bullshit. |
So Gore should not concede. Besides, any party that would hire it's own campaign workers and congressional staffers to be a mob and have them storm a state government building should NOT be in control of the country. |
After 20 days of recounts, the outcome stays the same. The certification has been done, democracy has prevailed, now shut up your fucking thumsucking, bed wetting, WHINING ASS, motherfucking mouth. I can tell you that us conservitives have had it, we have been tolerant long enough, with all your tree hugging, bleeding heart "ITS NOT FAIR" bull shit. shit down and shut the fuck up! And stop trying to sue your way through life, or have it handed to you. FACE IT PEOPLE, GORE HAS LOST! HE LOST ON THE 8TH, THEN ON THE RECOUNT, THEN ON THE HAND RECOUNT, THEN ON THE HAND RECOUNT AGAIN, AND THEN ON THE 26TH. If you need Jesse Jackson to plead your case, I feel sorry for you. I think that speaks for itself. And as for the "Butterfly Ballot" issue, has anyone stopped to think that (I saw this on the local news just a few days after the original election, and suddenly it went away) the ballots that were rejected durring the original count were added to the exact same box as the ones the voters gave back to the election officials to request new ones? How many votes were counted twice? Can anyone please define the word "is"? Hey, about another four years of that bullshit? |
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well, whatever. al gore could kick dubya's ass in a fight. shit, so could hilary clinton. |
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This didn't get settled till Jan. 15, and it came down to congress appointing a president. And because both parties were so fucking pissed at Gore and Bush, that they just put Nader in office.... Oh to dream. |
See. you have pointed out the biggest problem. Who the hell really knows whos vote was counted and who fucked up their balot? NO ONE DOES, even the almighty supreme court. How about ever? Do you know if your vote was ever counted correctly? No. That is part of the package. It has been this way for the last 2 1/2 centuries. Only this time, the results in Florida were less then .5% different, so by law the recount was done, and Bush won the recount. But, by gosh, the numbers were different. Well, no shit sherlock. You are never going to get the same numbers twice. But, the outcome was unchanged. Oh, and why invalidate any of the overseas ballots? |
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And, besides, the numbers of them were miniscule, like 50 out of 1000 ballots that were rejected for the same reason. The republicans using the military in that way is, in my opinion, the most shameful action of this whole fiasco. As for you, Trace, we all know that you can eat shit, so ya might as well get munchin'. |
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trace. use your brain boy.Saying "stop whining" "sore looser" "im sick of 8 years of bullshit" etc. does not validate a presidency. And the vote in florida is hardly valid. Ballots were not counted, even recounts were tossed aside. the discretion of a biased Secretary of State has ignored votes. J, i think Gore wanted the military votes counted, i think it was Bush's people that sought NOT to count the ones without postmarks..... "I had to put up with clinton for 8 years" further invalidates your argument, as it seems the noxious blather out of your mouths sounds vindictive, rather than based on logic. If the role were reversed...do not question for one minute that your idiot of a canidate would be doing the EXACT same thing Gore is doing....do not question this....its not debatable. The counts, recounts and hand counts have not been accurate from day one because of discrepencies on which ballots should be counted, confusion on whether or not the hand recounts would be counted at all, and intimidation from republican interns posing as angry floridians. ...HELL even your Bush people have said they are not accurate....and thats why they didnt want them in the first place right...but Dubya TRUSTS the people right? No one needs Jesse to plead anyone's case....Jesse doeswhat jesse does...im willing to bet the Dems didnt even invite him to get involved...but he has a way of sticking his crazy ass in the middle of things. Thats rhetoric Trace. Also, talk about sueing...your Bush people have just as many suits going on...sueing a way through life....your man is just as guilty. Again James Baker rhetoric....Trace think for yourself man! Watching local news does you no good, and hardly serves a s sturdy (soap)box to stand on man. Especially middle america....i can only imagine what the local news is like there. Tom what are you talking about man......Anarchist cook book is for cooking silly |
fuck deadines...BIll can hold the fort down while they get this straight. i think it clear that that battle axe of secretary of state and the guvna in Fl have imposed a serious conflict of interest. |
Besides, it all boils down to this: "I am going to sue to be made the president of the united states". ??????? Democracy? Or supreme dictatorship? But, when you look at the options, I hope Gore wins. I would rather he won by law suit and his presidency always under that cloud then Bush winning with the cloud of "not counted" votes.... Regardless of who wins, they loose. The system is broken. I am not happy with any lawsuits that the replicans are filing, nor am I happy that this is ending up in front of the supreme court. Do you honestly beleive this is the first time this has ever happened? No. It has only come to light because of the close vote in FL and the media calling the state for gore before the polls were even closed. Did you notice the ticker during the election, 44% gore, 54% bush and they declared gore the winner? But, hey, since Jeb is the governor, it must be a consipiracy. And, oh my god the sec of state is a republican in a state where the governor is a replublican! must mean a conspiracy. Who's been under a cloud of crap for 8 years? renting rooms out in the white house for campaign funds, inventing the internet, hating big tabacco when his family is one of the largest tabacco farmes in Tennessee? Oh, I know, it must be the "Vast Right Wing Conspiracy". Law is law, period. Deadlines are law, and so are recounts. But, FL law does not specify much at all about the manner of how the recount is to be handled, so we are left with this mess. And far as Bill was concerened, the mother fucker got on national tv, waved his finger at the camera, looked straight at the american people and LIED! He embarrassed us, he embarressed the office of the presidency, and if you say who cares, then move the fuck out of the US, and go some where else, because I am tired of the apathy |
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"Will to Live" I feel miserable Asses numbed by collision with doorknobs make me ill I feel miserable Fingers stained with Nicotine tear at my foundations I feel miserable Gadflies to the state are dragging me down to the depths of misery I want to die Is it because of Being accused of unthinking wussy leftist rhetoric by someone I don't know that I feel this way? With the redwhiteandbluemotherfucker rays of misery pounding on my brain? Or am I lost in tale of francis scott motherfucking key, adrift far from home I don't think so, I don't think so. Trace Broke My Will to Live Trace Broke My Will to Live Trace Broke My Will to Live I was getting better but then Trace Broke My Will to Live I feel miserable Imperial presidencies as legacies of Richard Milhous Nixon (a republican) rot the flesh from my bones I feel miserable People who don't know the difference between personal ethics, individual character and appropriate legislation defeat my purpose I feel miserable Dumbasses are doing their best to impale my soul I want to die Is it because of Being accused of unthinking wussy leftist rhetoric by someone I don't know that I feel this way? With the redwhiteandbluemotherfucker rays of misery pounding on my brain? Am I lost in tale of francis scott motherfucking key, adrift far from home I don't think so, I don't think so. Trace Broke My Will to Live Trace Broke My Will to Live Oh God, Trace Broke My Will to Live I was getting better but then Trace Broke My Will to Live Oh, yeah, baby. http://www.brunching.com/toys/toy-alanislyrics.html |
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Why God, Why? Gores, recounts, democrats Why God, Why? What have I done to deserve this red horror? Surrounded on all sides with the Hell of democrats Like a edgar allen poe character, I'm wordy and alone Why God, Why? Cigars, revotes, lewinski's Why God, Why? Democrats, lewinski's, clintons Why God, Why? What have I done to deserve this red disaster that is my life? Surrounded on all sides with the Hell of democrats Like a edgar allen poe character, I'm wordy and alone Why God, Why? What have I done to deserve this red misery? Surrounded on all sides with the Hell of democrats Like a edgar allen poe character, I'm wordy and alone Why God, Why? Why God, Why? Why God, Why? Why God, Why? Why God, Why? |
who said this trace? "I am going to sue to be made the president of the united states". And if you think this happend because of how the media called the election on election night....do i need to remind who works for Fox News and was calling the shots for the election that night...a Bush clansman..... but thats really niether here or there. How many mobs have the republicans incited? That depends......shall we include pro-life mobs threatening the lives of abortion clinic doctors?? Thats a pointless argument....as to whether they have done it in the past....point is, they did it here, now. The only people Clinton embarrassed are the middle american moral majority who blush at the term penis. Most of America trace thinks it was a non issue to begin with....he didnt embarrass anyone except you. And maybe the rest of us because the world thought us to be a bunch of puritanical hypocrites condemning the prez for something many politicians (and americans) have done since day one. Hell they live in washington, thousands of miles away from their families, they are home once every 2 weeks when in session....sleeping around is gonna happen...to try and impeach a prez for it is whats embarrassing. Moreover....i say 4 more years and 1 more impeachment trial....the only results i saw from the impeachement were two hardline republicans quitting....if we can do that again, get 2 more hard assed repubs...say Strom and Jesse to quit.... 4 more years is worth it. Trace when you realize that politicans will be politicans, you will be less of a target for media blitzs....taking such bait as you have indicated here. "Renting" rooms for campaign funds is nothing new...and you can bet your last dollar many republicans have done it in the past....many of the things Clinton and Gore got nailed for were nothing new....the sooner you realize that your republicans are no more or less clean than the dems, the more logical you might be about this. The right wing consipracy part comes from the fact that many beleive the right wingers took Watergate out on the Clintons...Hilary was a junior attorney in the impeachment doings...perhaps the repubs felt it time to take it out, get revenge. Politicans do many slimy things repub OR dem....to simply overule it because you tend to favor republicant positions on issues is illogical and naive on your part. wake up man, get your head out of your ass. |
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anyone who doesn't realize that the other side would be acting the exact same way is totally naive. |
I was watching Clinton pardoning the Turkey wednesday and I wondered what would Prince George do in the same situation? Considering that he is unaware of what "pardon" means. He's probably gonna have that turkey deep-fried. Ithikn it is sort of suspicious that the secretary of state was so quick to certify, but not because she's republican. Because she was an active Bush campaigner. Whenthe mob of angry white guys (republicans) stormed the office, I also was wondering. Where was the tear gas? The pepper spray? Oh, I forgot. They only use that on liberals. Maybe, Trace, you should take some time and read the open letter to Bush on Michael Moore's site: www.michaelmoore.com I especially think the points about him being functionally illiterate are important. |
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You can say that all you want, but most states were very close, maybe not .5%, but still very close. Do you beleive that bush only won the states where the governor was republican? do you beleive that gore only won the states where the governor was a democrat? who's niave? who's eating the rhetorical bullshit now? IF I HAVE SAID IT ONCE, I HAVE SAID IT A HUNDRED TIMES: The Oval Office is not a private office, and what you do in there is not a private affair, and who you do it with (an intern, there to learn how government works) is not private. If he did a hooker in a hotel, I would not give a shit, and would not expect him to come on national tv to talk about it. |
the governor of florida is not just republican, but he's bush's brother. and wasn't the secretary of state george bush's campaign manager in florida? I thought I heard that somewhere. I don't know how anyone could fail to see the potential for bias there. none of us gets to make any big decisions about this election. we're not supreme court justices. we can all talk like rational human beings. I don't see the point in pretending that either candidate is taking the high road. it's ridiculous. |
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But, to actually say something to your point, (imagine that!) all I have to say is this: In all likelyhood Bush is going to get the presidency, and I'm sure you'll be happy with that. But, if his behavior up to this point, both before and after the election, is any indication of his character, he's going to be the most deceitful president since Nixon. He has absolutely no problem lying to achieve his aims, and he is a proven hypocrite. (See my post above about the voting laws he signed in Texas.) |
i like that word |
Or did gore really invent the internet? And how about the campain fund raising? he got nailed during the campaing for "embelishing" the truth. Do you really beleive that what he says when is speachifying on tv that he is sincere? I do not lie. I meant it when I said I hope Gore wins. Let the world see what a lying sack of shit he is, and I am not ranting. |
You can say that all you want, but most states were very close, maybe not .5%, but still very close. Do you beleive that bush only won the states where the governor was republican? do you beleive that gore only won the states where the governor was a democrat? who's niave? who's eating the rhetorical bullshit now? " what you talking about and why is this relevant man? No i dont believe Bush won states with only repub governors or the vice versa. In fact i dont even know that stats on this. dude are you licking drywall again? Cyst said it best.....there is too much potential for a conflict of interest in FL. And with the presidency at stake...it needs to be scrutinized. You can bet your ass that trainwreck (with the makeup) of a woman is vying for a cabinent position...... so when clinton shit's CSPAN has a right to be there. Gore not winning his own state further proves our point trace....are you on crack? Jsut because he didnt win his own state doesnt mean a damn thing. I dont'hold our presidents to any moral expectations. the white house is where he lives....its symbolic gibbly gook. He is there to do a job....symbolism, tradtion can all kiss my ass. His occupation of ? Penn Ave. is irrelavent to the job her performs. Having some silly expectations that he should be squeeky clean (according to your moral code anyway) while living there is silly and pointless. He cheated on his wife and lied about it in court....its silly to think that most others wouldnt do the same thing to protect his own asss the inevcitable media blitz thereafter. Yeah you can say well he should have thought about that before he pulled the box of cubans out, but hey....he's human, but he's also a decent politican and is an intelligent human being....i don't blame him for lying.... |
you guys have got to get off this misquote. If you are stupid enough to believe that Gore actually thinks he created the internet, well then....Bush must be a brain to you. |
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"I Took the initiative in inventing the internet" |
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People make mistakes and act against their better judgment all the time. For me the perjury is the unforgivable act (I don't care whether he personally lied to every man, woman and child in america as long as he didn't do it under oath...it makes him a shit but it doesn't make him a criminal). But even bracketing the issue of the perjury, the tremendous lack of judgment shown in the president's actions with his much younger intern REPEATEDLY does make him suspect, if not morally then in terms of common sense. Why the hell couldn't he get it on with someone less completely covered in PELIGRO signs if he couldn't keep it in his pants, eh? Anyway. |
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My ex fiance' (we were engaged at the time) got an abortion without my concent or even talking to me to about it. We were engaged for christ sakes, and just because I am male does not mean that i should not have a say in my baby's life. But, on the other hand, if a mother feel's she is not ready for a baby, her life is in danger, or something like that, then we have no right to deny her that right. But, if you just screwed around and found out you were pregnant, and are using it as a form of birth control, forget it |
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Trace....to even use the argument that women may use abortion as a form of birth control is right wing rhetoric. talk to any woman who has had it, and see if they would ever consdier using it as a form of birth control. i suspect most women would rather not have sex than go through and abortion. i can't imagine any woman saying..."no condoms? ahh shit honey go ahead and slip it in, i can always get an abortion" oh and i want to thank all the participants this am.....this is seriously theraputic to me... a |
I had an abortion for breakfast this morning. Oh, my bad, it was a cup of coffee...I get all those conveniences confused sometimes. |
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you realize, don't you, trace, that if you never had fucked your ex-fiance, she never would have aborted your unborn child. maybe if men would just keep their goddamn dicks to themselves, then there'd be a whole lot fewer women using abortion as birth control. |
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And if I can say that with a straight face, I can certainly say, "Bush is a lying sack of shit" with a straight face. And now I can say that you're a lying sack of shit as well. Either that or you have very poor listening skills and just don't know any better. Gore never said, "I took the initiative in inventing the internet." I challenge you to find out what he really said. |
and nbc and cbs and abc and fox and UP and AP and PRN and PBS I do not beleive the main stream media, by any stretch of the imagination, but they are Liberal, everyone knows it, and they were showing the clip. I do not have to prove it, it has been shown enough. If he did not say it, then the ones who showed it on tv need to show us where it came from. |
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I get sick of all of them |
"maybe if men would just keep their goddamn dicks to themselves, then there'd be a whole lot fewer women using abortion as birth control." OUCH cyst...... i suppose if some women kept their legs closed this would apply as well (rape cases aside here) |
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MYTH: There are more than 10,000 votes in Miami-Dade that have never been counted. Boies: “[T]here are over 10,000 ballots that have never been counted once for the presidency of the United States.” [Today Show, 11/27/00] FACT: Every ballot in Miami-Dade was counted at least twice - once on election night and again during the automatic recount. In every election, there are a significant number of ballots that are cast by voters without choosing a candidate in every race on the ballot, including races for President. For example, in this election, 5% of the voters in Idaho, 3.9% of the voters in Illinois and 3.6% of the voters in Wyoming cast a ballot without registering a vote for President. The 10,000 votes (actually 9,000 according to their filing) about which the Gore campaign has been complaining constitute only 1.6% of the ballots cast in Miami-Dade. These ballots were counted - twice; they merely registered no vote for President. This reality reflects common sense: a voter may want to vote for a candidate for the Senate, House or other office, but be undecided about the choice for President. In particular, a voter who usually votes for candidates from one party may vote for local or statewide candidates, but be uncomfortable with his or her party’s choice for President and yet unwilling to vote for the other party’s candidate. So he or she might cast a ballot without marking a choice for President. MYTH: If you counted all the votes that already have been counted in some of the recount, Gore would actually be ahead by 9 votes. FACT: Democrats get to this number by adding unreported and unofficial votes from the late manual recount in Palm Beach and from the partial manual recount from Miami-Dade, and by subtracting the valid military overseas ballots and some of the certified votes from Nassau County. The Florida Supreme Court set a deadline of 5 p.m. on Sunday for completing manual recounts, almost tripling the statutory time period for counting mandated by Florida’s Legislature. Palm Beach did not complete its manual recount by the Supreme Court’s deadline. Miami-Dade returned to its original decision of not proceeding with a manual recount. The 157 “interim gain” for Gore in Miami-Dade came from a selective recount of the most Democrat precincts. Gore won these selected precincts by approximately 75% to 25%, while Gore won the entire county only by 53% to 46%. It would be unfair to use this interim change without counting Republican precincts, too. Precincts in Miami-Dade, including those with predominantly Hispanic and Cuban American voters, favored Bush. The Gore approach would treat these minorities in a discriminatory fashion. Military overseas ballots that were valid under Florida and federal law should be counted. Counties recognized this and counted them. Even Joe Lieberman said that such military ballots should not be rejected. MYTH: Miami-Dade would have conducted a manual recount if not for the Republican “mob” that “intimidated” the canvassing board. Klain: “We think already almost 160 votes were counted in Dade County before the mob stopped the count…. But I think that to say that a mob can storm a counting facility, stop a count, and then that’s going to provide the end because a partisan of the Bush campaign, Ms. Harris, refuses to accept returns and cuts off the counting, I don’t think that’s the kind of end that we have to American elections.” [GMA, 11/27/00] FACT: The record shows that the crowd was reacting to the Board’s decision to move the recount behind closed doors, where it could not be observed by the public or the media, and to limit the recount to only a select set of the votes. No Board member mentioned the protests as a factor in the decision, and Judge Leahy of the Board has already stated clearly that he was not intimidated by the crowd. The police made no arrests, received no assault complaints, and did not even instruct the crowd to desist. The crowd was quieted promptly. MYTH: In Nassau County, the board violated Florida law by adding votes from earlier tabulations that had been rejected by the board as illegal. FACT: On election night, all the votes were counted, but during the machine recount, 218 ballots were accidentally separated from the rest, and not counted. As a result, Bush received 124 fewer votes and Gore received 73 fewer votes than on election night. After the recount, the Nassau County Board supervisor discovered her mistake, and tried to correct it. Because the Supreme Court of Florida had held the date open for final certification until Sunday at 5:00 p.m., the Division of Elections informed the supervisor that she could revise the count to make it accurate. The Board (2 Democrats and 1 Republican) voted unanimously to certify the original election night count - which included the 218 ballots - rather than the machine recount total (which mistakenly omitted those ballots). ANTIGONE- OF COURSE YOU DID NOT SAY THAT ABOUT CNN, WHERE ELSE DO YOU GET YOUR LIBERAL BS???? |
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Maybe he feard that might play into the public relations war they are in now. also....why is no one asking questions or contesting the recount they did in Seminole county? Bush is only contesting recounts in counties he knows he lost. lets face it.....Gore won Florida and Bush is doing everything he can to hang on to it. Also, lets not forget (if its been mentioned, pardon the duplicity) katherine harris was Dubya's campaign manager for florida.....conflict of interest? i think so. I cant wait to hear Dubya's State of the Union address....god what a nightmare that must be for him. |
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it barely matter who gets in there, anyway. that's the saddest part. |
They need to find someone who can determine what the voter was thinking when they went to push on this incredibly stiff ballots (must of only been stiff in the presidential section, because they got thier answers on the local tax initiatives and local issues).and changed thier mind, thus making a pregnant chad, and the whole that was actually pushed out, they did not mean it???? |
i just got back from a trip to south central mexico. i spent 24 hours in LA on my way back home. among rows upon rows upon rows of neon lit, gargantuan shopping emporiums, smog, traffic, unbelievable traffic, i saw a billboard that read "I am data." and all i have to say is, this country is so fucked up, and all of us living in it, fucking delusional consumeristic media junkie robots, it's beyond fucked up, there is no going back, and there is no hope. look at what we've done, at what we've become. all this talk of government and voting and rights and partisan politics. it's just a filter. it's smog. it's like religion, but worse. bush, gore, clinton, hilary, and even nadar. jesus, ghandi, buddha, mohammed. none of them can help us now. i'm not moving to mexico or anything. their government is just as screwed up. but fuck almighty, at least the people that live there are, for the most part, raised to be humans. me? you? like it or not, i got some news for you: we're just data. and my vote doesn't count. |
I can just hear her now... Let me see, Bush won the first count, but only by .5%, so a recound was demanded by law, and Bush won that one, so a manual recount was launched in some counties, hand chosen, and bush won again, then more hand counts, and still bush won, and you want to sue for what, Mr. Gore? |
1. statistically, the errors found in the mechanical vote count would be found across the board. these means the distribution of votes shouldn't change if the entire country is recounted. 2. the margins we are talking about are within the margin of error for hand count or machine count. so, statistically, no one has one. 3. legally, bush has won. it's up to the courts to interpret law, and they have. it's done. 4. Bill will not be president Jan 1. |
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I totally agree about the state of the union - that should be a laugh riot. And blessedly short. I also want to point out that no one here has ever argues that Gore is not a liar or totally trustworthy. I think,though, you can trust him not to drill for oil in wildlife preserves. Or take away a woman's right to determine what happens in her womb. But, we can trust Bush to make incredibly stupid remarks every week that we can all make fun of. No wonder the race was so close. Oh, and thanks Trace, for igniting this shitpile. It's been a while since we could all shout and wave our arms at each other and not bother to proofread our posts. Patrick: Agh! My eyes! |
I was waiting for nate to sweep in with his "bunch of pussies" line and speak with such authority as to make me say NATE FOR PREZ. now all we need is swine to tell us we are all chuckleheads and that he's going back to sleep. |
i drove up from patrickland on saturday. it was very foggy through the central valley, but being day time the fog was up from the ground a bit. LA still sucks tough nipples. SD is nice, though. nice enough. |
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feel to drop in for a beer nexttime.....im a mile off the 5 |
What should matter besides the popular vote? I hear Rush Limbaugh every day, which I assume is where Mr. Trace is getting most of his "facts," and "arguments," 'cause it all sounds the same, really... but never once do they address this. Seems to me that the popular vote expresses the will of the people pretty clearly. Can someone on the republican side step up and say "Even though we acknowledge that Gore received MORE TOTAL VOTES from the American people, Bush should be president, because..."? No. Whenever it's brought up, the elephants start harping about "rule of law." It comes down to this, then. IS "rule of law" more important than the will of the people? Only under two circumstances, which are really one: if the party touting "rule of law" is in charge, then they are going to be strict constructionists. That is, they will read the laws in a very literal manner, insist that they be followed, because this will help them stay in power. It's a pretty blatant fact, historically: the people who are in charge will always support the system, because the system puts them in charge. Since the goal of all free-minded and happy people should be the cheerful ignorance or destruction of "the system," so long as that system is one which makes choices for the citizens (as ours obviously does,) It behooves the happy mutants of the universe to support Gore. Not because he's better, but because the concept of a Gore presidency is slightly less stable than the concept of a Bush presidency. That doesn't make any sense, but it should. |
Now, to your points... 1. Nobody is seriously talking about recounting the country. What's your point? 2. I take it you mean to say "no one has won." That's the understatement of the year... But, yes, the candidates are in a statistical dead heat. Bummer we can't have a runoff like any other sane democracy would. 3. You seem to forget this little thing called the US Supreme Court. 4. So? |
2. i was just in miami dade county, for what that's worth. 3. bush and gore need to suck some tough nipples and talk this thing out. 4. i think that a nationwide recount might not be a bad idea. 5. i think that this would be an excellent moment for some nation to invade us. but they're all laughing at us too hard to actually mobilize an army. 6. oh, for a runoff... 7. silly nader |
B. In a free country, we would have runoffs. C. I recently drove through a snowstorm so thick, we could only go 25 mph. D. Bush's eyes are really close together. |
and furthermore im sick of you chumps making judgements about where i live in a matter of a day or less. not that it personally offends me, its just, well, i dunno.....i hated this place too, but it took me several years to see the beauty here......and it is here....believe me...i was the biggest cynic rolling into town....eh whatever....there is GOOD here...just don't expect to find it in a week or less. Some of the worlds most prized architecture is here and some of the most famed aritists are/were from here... come to town though and i'll show you some of it. |
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i'm not saying LA is a shithole, though it most certainly is, as is pretty much all of california, except north central, the high sierras. and if you don't see how much of a shithole it is, you're in bigger trouble than you realize. all i'm saying is that american's are fucked fucked fucked and no voting reform or new presdient is going to change how fucked up we all are and how fucked up our lives have become. |
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Thank (isSchrodingersCatDead() ? the nonexistant : wonderful almighty) god! |
like me when i first arrived, people who have spent little time here tend to write it off to the entertainment industy, the superficiality and vast wealth that accompanies the industry ......other than that, the only thing i could see that would make this place no more a shithole of a city than say NYC or Chicago is the fucked up notion of fusion food and the traffic. last time i was in NYC the west side freeway, Roosevelt/east side freeway, and the freeway with the Lincoln tunnel were just as fucked as the 10 or the 101 here. for my sanity....i choose to not let the negative aspects of this town disturb me, though im not always good at it. I stay away from the wealthy, SUV-ridden west side, although where i live is being gentrified as we speak. those cocksuckers are slowly creeping east to my hood, ruining my fine drinking and eating establishments and competing with reputable local business that have hard time staying in bidness. I stay out of the suburban, soccermom valley.....I dont go to big clubs. If there is a cover just to drink and hear a "dj' i tell em to eat a dick..... ah hell ...this will be fun.. 10 things i like about LA 1)the sheer number of people and annonymity that accompanies it 2)the Getty and the many wonderful museums and world rekowned works they get 3) The Neutra and Wright homes, as well as some of the other modern and post modern homes built here.As well as some of the neato places they are situated in the hills 4)the burger and taco stands that go well with a beer buzz at 2am 5)the views and the attainability of views, be it apartments or houses 6) the hills of silverlake and echo park 7) the downtown artists community 8) the la river, runyon canyon, mulholland drive, the nearby snowcapped mountains and other natural beauties....that are hidden, but once found stand out like flowers in dirt 9)the mild weather (although I do miss seasons, it is nice not to have harsh winters and brutal summers, except in the valley) 10)the history, in particular the first half of the century and the subsquent stories and culture....the likes of Raymond Chandler and Orson Welles. |
point is, to count a few heavily democratic counties by hand throws the legitimacy of the vote more than a bunch of machines fucking up uniformally across the country. note: the hand count in miami-dade county stopped after the old jewish vote was hand counted, but before the cuban/cuban-american vote was counted. miami-dade would likely go to bush either way. 2. I take it you mean to say "no one has won." That's the understatement of the year... But, yes, the candidates are in a statistical dead heat. Bummer we can't have a runoff like any other sane democracy would. yeah. that's what i meant. no one has one, either. no one has a pair, either. fucko. 3. You seem to forget this little thing called the US Supreme Court. the US Supreme Court is not there to interpret the laws of the State of Florida. 4. So? there seemed to be some thought the Clinton would be president if this doesn't work out before 1/1. i didn't mean gates, but you're right cyst. |
Trust me on this one. LA's traffic is hectic, just like in any other city. It's just that I personally like a lot of cities better, and I've spent a lot of time in LA. I admire anyone who has the guts and ability to live there, though. I just like my countryside, really. In fact, I don't particularily adore cities, though I find, oddly, that I miss San Francisco all of a sudden. I hate New York more than LA, by far. It's the craziest, nastiest city ever. There was a nice man at the Greyhound station today, I was all upset about having my travel plans get all fucked up, all I wanted to do was come home. He made me french fries (he worked at the snack bar). His name is Gerome, and he said I Should stop by and see him any time. Albany (same place as the greyhound station) is just amazing. The post office is a castle. No shit, an honest to god fucking castle with towers and stuff, and a sign outside on the lawn that says "US Post Office." They have some cool bulidings there, it's a nive capital. A lot better than Sac. |
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3. I agree, and the 11th circuit court of appeals, the most conservative federal circuit in the nation, agrees too. Funny that Bush doesn't agree, isn't it? |
*shakes head* Nate!!!!!!!!!!!!!! the supreme court IS there to interpret whether or not the laws of any given state may infringe on federal law.....such as the case with medical maryjane in cali....a case the supreme pizza court has agreed to judge.....they supreme court is there to judge the laws of individual states and they do it all the time. nate i think gore would be happy if they recounted the whole state, unfortuantely the heavily democratic counties is where these seems to be the most confusion and controversy....and it has snowballed since. i find the thought of recounting and the fear of ballot manipulation silly....have you seen those tireless fucks. 1 vote for Dubya -looks the Dem observer, nods, looks to the repub observer, nods.... 1 vote for Gore repeat 1 million times...... all of this is under view of several judges, all in secured areas. its damn clear dubya fears a recount cause he know he lost the damn state. hell he was the first to launch legal injunctions when his lead was 1700 cause he knew it was too damned close for comfort. if they won't allow "the dimpled chad votes" they shouldnt allow the absentee votes of Seminole county in which repubs filled out voter info on nearly 4k votes. If they were to take away those votes alone....Gore would win.....but you dont hear the repubs calling those ballots unfair do you. thats ok, isolde, i dont care really what any one THINKS of LA, i suppose i would just want to share the good things beofer people write it off. nearly 10 million live here for SOME reason. |
Antigone, do you happen to be an expert at JMS? or at least know enough to write a small book about it? let me know, i might have a book deal for you, if you're interested. |
This whole election is utterly insane. Cat, y'all must be laughing your heads off right now. It's like a bad farce. |
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the jist: 1.) the machine vote should stand because: a) the difference between votes for the two candidates will never exceed the margin of error for either vote counting procedure, therefore a hand count is moot. b) i'd rather relive monica l. or OJ s. than go through another week of watching the gutter trash of america roar and gripe (no offense intended, trace.) 2.) personally i feel that gore should be president by virtue of the popular vote. all things considered, this would make the most sense, however illegal. 3.) legally, bush won. this is because there is a set of laws that govern voting, and when you take these laws into account, bush won. 4.) tonight i'm going to smoke a lot of pot and have sex in ways that are technically illegal in the state of California. |
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In the Bible, was it King Herod who ruled that the baby two women were fighting over should be cut in half? The mother who honestly loved the baby said she would let the other have it rather than see it destroyed. Anyway, this seems to be a similiar scenario. |
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Maybe I misunderstood.... One of the things that the supreme pizza court is supposed to decide is if we go with the certification imposed by state nacho supreme court that the certification was to be completed by Sunday, the 26th that gives bush the win, including additional hand counted ballots, by 537 or if we go with the previous certification count that did not include hand counted ballots, which gave bush the win by 900 some odd votes.... the ruling, i thought, was to judge wether or not the state supreme had the right to make a judgement in an election or not..... |
This also answers the question about Mavis' whereabouts. She, along with two of our friends, were also running about naked in the snow. Well, we were wearing boots. But nothing else. |
i wish i had an epic poem generator like the alanis lyrics generator. i hope they never take that alanis lyrics generator off the shuttlecocks. "I Think" I Think andrew sewell's bobbing in the breeze freezing penis are really a huge problem I Think andrew sewell's testicles tinged blue with cold are too much on my mind I Think andrew sewell's pubic hair rimned with frost have got a lot to do with why the world sucks But what can you do? Like a that colour between blue and purple which means bruising or frost damage rain, beating down on me Like a william s. burroughs line, which won't let go of my brain Like j.r. 'bob' dobbs's ass, it is in my head Blame it on snow Blame it on snow Blame it on snow I Think andrew sewell's inappropriately warm boot shod footies are gonna drive us all crazy And people from Michigan with significantly less sense than is required to come in from the cold make me feel like a child I Think the necrotizing micro-inroads death is even now making into andrew sewell's frost-bitten flesh will eventually be the downfall of civilization But what can you do? I said what can you do? Like a that colour between blue and purple which means bruising or frost damage rain, beating down on me Like a william s. burroughs line, which won't let go of my brain Like j.r. 'bob' dobbs's ass, it is in my head Blame it on snow Blame it on snow Blame it on snow Like a that colour between blue and purple which means bruising or frost damage rain, beating down on me Like j.r. 'bob' dobbs's smile, cruel and cold Like william s. burroughs's ass, it is in my head Blame it on snow Blame it on snow Blame it on snow |
Actually, we were pretty warm. We were standing around a large bon fire, and previously, we made an abortive attempt at a sweatlodge, which is why we were nude in the first place. It was only a little below freezing out anyway. |
thats all ya did run around in the snow naked please make us all happy and say you and mavis are makin babies..... |
to court to get an additional inning added to the end of game 5 of the World Series. The batting, pitching, and bench coaches for the Mets held a press conference earlier today. They were joined by members of the Major League Players Union. "We meant to hit those pitches from the Yankee pitchers," said the Mets batting coach. "We were confused by the irregularities of the pitches we received and believe we have been denied our right to hit." One claim specifically noted that a small percentage of the Mets batters had intended to swing at fast balls, but actually swung at curve balls. It was clear that these batters never intended to swing at curve balls, though a much higher percentage were not confused by the pitches. Reporters at the press conference pointed out that the Mets had extensively reviewed film of the Yankees pitchers prior to the World Series and had in fact faced the Yankees in inter-league play earlier in the year. "The fact remains that some of the pitches confused us and denied us of our right to hit," said the Mets batting coach. "The World Series is not over yet and the Yankees are celebrating prematurely." Major League Baseball has reviewed the telecast of all the World Series games and recounted the balls and strikes called by the umpires of each game. "While some of the strikes called against the Mets were, in fact, balls, there were not enough of them to change the outcome of the World Series," the commissioner said. Another portion of the Mets legal claim stated that, based on on-base percentage, the Mets had actually won the World Series, regardless of the final scores of the games. "It's clear that we were slightly on-base more often than the Yankees," said a Mets spokesman. "The WorldSeries crown is rightly ours." The manager of the Mets has remained in relative seclusion, engaging in some light jogging for exercise. He has stated that he believes "we need to let the process run its course without a rush to judgment." |
Running around the snow nude is a wonderful activity. |
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yick! the fire was the size of a minivan to begin with. and it was too hot to wear clothes, at least within five feet of the fire or so....the more i try to explain, the weirder it sounds.... but sem, we should've walked on coals, that would have been funny! but maybe as bad as the sweatlodge attempt. i know how to make it work better the next time too.i figured it out. who knows? |
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no babies are even remotely in danger of being made though. No llamas are in danger of being jumped either. here's something for trace and antigone to hash out: proportional electoral votes...would've sunk Bush |
I don't like the electoral college as it stands, but I do not want the east and west coast deciding the presidents for the rest of the country. I think there should be 1 vote for each state and the district. That would be 51 votes. No ties. Simple Majority. |
see what it took to bring her outta the woodwork... hi mavis! |
One thing I heard that I liked was that the electoral votes should be proportioned not only according to how many people live in the state, but also should not be a "winner-takes-all" system, so that the states' electoral votes are divvied up a la Maine. I think from now on, I will vote for the person least likely to prevent me from running around in the snow naked. So I will probably never ever vote republican. |
thats a non argument. so the fuck what. ok, fine, so montana doesnt get a visit by ether canidate...so what. they are still available via papers, radio, tv etc.... how many people actually go out and see canidate in order to make up their mind? i just don't the fact that the places like Montana or the Dakotas have 1 electoral vote for every 100,000 people and places like Cali has 1 electoral vote for every 400,000 people. (dont hold me to the specific numbers, but its something like that). I tend to think we should have a proportional govt as well.... |
I also think the allocation of votes that Patrick pointed out is stupid, and not fair in the least. I don't think the electoral college should exist, really, it annoys me. |
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I AM YOUR NEW RULER AND MASTER. |
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in a presidential election, a south dakotan's vote is worth about four times that of a californian's. my numbers weren't completely accurate because all I did was use census numbers and congressional seats. and the census numbers don't take age, citizenship, and incarceration factors into account. but, yeah, some of those little states' voters get to carry three to four times as much weight as in big states. it's unfair. |
Can you explain that to me one more time? I lost you back at "I AM." |
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Total US population as of 7/99: 272,211,211 CA: 33,145,121 FL: 18,196,601 NY: 15,111,244 Total Combined: 66,452,966 % of total population: 24.41% |
Interesting note: Florida almost makes up 6% of the us population, but right now, they have the ball in thier court |
However, about 24% is pretty much the percentage of eligible voters who voted for bush (similar for gore). Do you think that someone who only had ~25% of the voting public's support really has any mandate to lead? |
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That's not fair, now is it? |
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Wyoming 479,602 DC 519,000 Vermont 593,740 Alaska 619,500 North Dakota 633,666 South Dakota 733,133 Delaware 753,538 Montana 882,779 Rhode Island 990,819 Hawaii 1,185,497 New Hampshire 1,201,134 Idaho 1,251,700 Maine 1,253,040 Nebraska 1,666,028 New Mexico 1,739,844 West Virginia 1,806,928 Nevada 1,809,253 Utah 2,129,836 Arkansas 2,551,373 Kansas 2,654,052 Mississippi 2,768,619 Iowa 2,869,413 Connecticut 3,282,031 Oregon 3,316,154 Oklahoma 3,358,044 SouthCarolina 3,885,736 Kentucky 3,960,825 Colorado 4,056,133 Alabama 4,369,862 Louisiana 4,372,035 Minnesota 4,775,508 Arizona 4,778,332 Maryland 5,171,634 Wisconsin 5,250,446 Missouri 5,468,338 Tennessee 5,483,535 Washington 5,756,361 Indiana 5,942,901 Massachusetts 6,175,169 Virginia 6,872,912 North Carolina 7,650,789 Georgia 7,788,240 New Jersey 8,143,412 Michigan 9,863,775 Ohio 11,256,654 Pennsylvania 11,994,016 Illinois 12,128,370 Florida 15,111,244 New York 18,196,601 Texas 20,044,141 California 33,145,121 |
Northeast 51,829,962 19% Midwest 63,242,284 23% South 96,468,455 35% West 61,150,112 22% |
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This country, motherfuckers, was not set up as a motherfucking DEMOCRACY. It was set up as a REPUBLIC. Please take some time to read about these two forms of government and how they differ. In these terms, I AM A REPUBLICAN. |
Others would prefer a Fetidbeavereaucracy. |
tell me margy how is this country NOT ruled by a marjority. Whoever wins the majority of electorates, wins..RIGHT? A proposition in CA passes if it wins the MAJORITY. the House and Senate pass laws based on majorities, we add amendments to our Constitution by majority... Im not going to get into the republic vs democracy debate.....i agree with you on that from the "lesson" you gave me before....and my poli sci class year and half ago. otherwise what the fuck are you talking about? |
The major problem with the system today is that people vote with thier hearts, not with thier brains. |
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"The major problem with the system today is that people vote with thier hearts, not with thier brains." you can actual support Bush, and say this? |
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Egaaaads! |
"well, he's not too bright, and he wants to take away abortion rights and gay rights and ravage the environment while he's at it, but damn if he doesn't seem like a guy i could sit down with and have a beer!" go figure. |
uherm. sorry. |
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I guess I misread something. I thought Isolde was arguing that this country was based on majority rule and I took this to mean (because as we all know I'm sensitive about this) to mean direct representation of the interests of the majority of the populace. Which is kind of where it gets tricky because, as we all know, the house and the senate were set up bicamerally to actually circumvent the kind of lynch-mob direct political enaction this concentration of power subject to the whims and vagaries of the hoi polloi. This country isn't ready for national democracy (states, maybe, other localities and municipalities...well, whatever makes you run naked in the snow, eh?). For democracies to even have a shot at working you need citizens and not inhabitants...and not ostensive citizens but people who embrace civic virtue. |
I digress. I'm interested to see how either Gore or Bush will be able to get up on that podium for innaguration and actually feel good about himself. How in the world can either of them morally keep this shit up knowing half the country hates them? Either way, it's a suck suck deal. Hence, last night, over about 6 bottles of Sammy Smith's oatmeal stout, I've decided to be president. |
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some of our most intelligent presidents in the last 25 or so have been Clinton and Carter, some of our more mindless space cadet for presidents have been republicans ...Reagan, and now this nimwit GW..... yes they all delegate....but to what extent. Bush is KNOWN for delegating completely....its his style... I too think Bush won't take away abortion, or other rights for gays and women, at least not directly that would be political suicide...and now with a split congress, its even more likely he would never get anythign like that to pass. HOWEVER, he will appt justices to the Supreme Court that COULD rule against these rights after he is gone. But you know, now that i think of it, justices have to be approved by the senate, so.....he may have ahrd time there too.....What he does could have long and lasting repercussions and frankly his intelligence level scares the hell out me....and due to his reknowned practive of delegating heavily, that leaves his office susceptable to outside influence and special interests. thats true for all prez, but I like man who thinks for himself and is intelligent enough to know when NOT to listen to his advisors. |
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Yes, you are so right, the man wants to ravage the planet, make women with pregnancy complications die, and take away your right to choose your life style. BULLSHIT, now you all are spewing the same horse shit liberal rhetoric I hear on tv. Most points people do not get is this: Why must the FEDERAL GOVERNMENT make most of these decisions? We do have state, county, and city governments that could control eviromental choices far better than the talking heads in DC could. It is not anyone's right to tell you how to live your life and what choices you can make with your life. But, gays in the military is a very hot issue. When I was in the military, going through boot camp, the others would KILL YOU (literaly) if they found out you were gay. Why, I don't know. But to me, it seemed like it would be in someone's best interest to stay away. Bush is republican. He stands for keeping things the way they are or were before it went to shit. He cares about law, rather then agree with one until it gets in your way. He is fair. |
There are a bunch of people on his death row that are denied DNA testing, even when evidence is apparent they may have the wrong guy. Fair? Are you a fucking moron Trace, Im sorry, but the record in his state hardly indicates fairness. "Keeping things the way they are" You know, many people prior to 1864 advocated keeping things "the way they are" many people prior to the 1960s wanted to keep things they way they are. You assume they way things are is a good thing. many people during the renaissance that wanted to keep things the way they are. a teacher once told me, only the wise change their mind. progress trace, progress. what is, aint always right. gays in the military,,,fer chrissakes....its pretty damn clear why you would get killed for being openly gay. IGNORANCE. Period. Homosexuality is a threat to the ignorant man's masculinity. Its based on illogic. Stay away? Just because the rest of you are bunch nimwit, closet homophobes who illogically fear the gay boogie man is gonna steal your masculinity??? I gurantee you, you served alongside homosexuals, and to think they incapable or dont deserve to serve their country simply because they dont find the opposite sex appealing is utterly dumb. The military needs everyone it can get these days. There was once a time when military thought the idea of women serving was ludicrous....in the very near future, people who think gays should "stay out" will be ostrasized as bigots and generally speaking......dumb. |
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As far as the comment about the death penelty, why have prisons at all? why have any punishments unless everyone in the world witnessed someone do something? Do you know for a fact that hitler had all those jews killed? How? Did you see it? Did they run a DNA test? How about Charles Manson? Or Ted Bundy? There is no garauntee, maybe the history books were lying. You will never know for 100% sure that someone did something unless you witnessed it. And you did get me on the 1864 commment. However, I feel that the biggest thing that we need to work on is a smaller Federal Government, with more control being on the state level, rather than the federal level. Let the fed's print money, provide a military, take care of foreign affairs and leave the rest of it to the locals. We don't need uncle sam wiping our ass or feeding us. |
what I meant by "the majority doesn't necessarily rule" is that someone who wins the popular vote for president can lose the election. |
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I mean, intelligence is sort of a side issue, but I've never doubted that bill clinton is a very intelligent man (who has done some dumb things, as have we all). |
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you have to be a good public speaker, and at least half way decent looking. Not for me, but for most people. |
Fock! Eat ass. And to you dumbasses who are knee-jerking liberally, you also may LIBERALLY partake of the ceremonial eating of the ass. Hot fuck served on the side as a piquant condiment. Stupid elections. |
i have been accused of just repeating what Rush Limbaugh and Capital Beat and whatever else, but I have not watched any of those programs. I listen to local talk radio, and maybe they are repeating what they see and hear on those programs, so maybe that is why....... I find myself doubting the reps and dems through this, and I cannot say I am entirely pleased with the decisions Bush has made since the 7th, but I have already had it with the dems, so I have been defending the republicans. Frankly, I am getting sick of the whole thing. And I think the greens and the liberatarians don't have it together enough yet, and I know the reform party is just one tenth of a step away from satin sheets, so who the hell cares anymore? |
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Trace, my grandfather served in WWII, under Intelligence, and I think that would strongly disagree with your above statement regarding the Jews. But, how do I know dubya exists, since I haven't seen him with my own eyes? Wow, I hadn't thought about that. That line, "literal rhetoric bullshit" reminds me of a former friend. Must just be my imagination, though. As for wrecking the environment, at least Gore doesn't want to drill in our national parks. |
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The Fetidbeavereaucracy will fix everything. |
And Margret has a point, Trace. You might not listen to or watch those programs, but much of what's said there is republican propaganda. The republicans are VERY good at producing a message and they have lots of operatives in the media who are will repeat them. Also the culture of the republican party and conservative movement is geared towards unity, which leads to people who are willing to repeat, ad nauseum, what their party leaders put out. Mega dittos, Trace! Not to say that democrats don't have the same party mechanisms, but the party culture is different. Republicans tend to be more "rule of law" types. Democrats are more of the "rule of justice" types. (At least, that's how they are portrayed to the public...) As a result, followers of the republican party line are less apt to question their leaders and principles, while democrats are more likely to question theirs, at least among the rank and file. This helps the republican party spread it's message more effectively. |
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But J will remind us that the guy is full of shit anyway. The next election will be intersting. |
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of noriega. noriega's drugs anyway. iran/contra? am i being stupid or was that bush? or was that something else? i forget what it was about exactly, but i'm happy to say it anyway. |
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but I can't remember who that someone was or what examples that someone gave, so fuck me with a cattle prod. lightly. |
:-P |
you may have to settle for a midly rough schtooping witha cattle prod. |
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well, except maybe for margret, she kicks ass intelligence can be a very bad thing when not combined with other qualities |
Montana doesn't have a say in the president. Just not enough people... But Montana is not an entity. There are very few people inside it's made-up borders, so there's no reason votes in Montana should mean more than those in New York. I mean, why should the state you come from dictate the power of your vote? "NY, CA and FL should not decide the fate for the rest of the country." Why not? That's where the people are. If one decision has to be made for the whole country, why should some puny state (in population) have a large say in what's good for a state with millions of people in it? Trace, your stategy of one vote per state would mean that I would have the voting prowess of 37.5 Californians. Explain to me why I matter 37.5 times more than a Californian does. While I may, this is not true for most Montanans. Trace, I want you to know that your use of the slaughter of Jews as an example was pretty lame regardless of your point. And we're talking about a guy scheduled to lose his life based on evidence against him. Don't you think that a little DNA test that might raise a reasonable doubt should be allowed? If he's guilty, it probably would support that. There may be no absolute proof, but shouldn't we try our best to make sure we aren't killing the wrong guy? Wait, I don't disown my state... Just most of the people in it. And I think I need to get a naked snow party going... You're all invited. We'll even have cattle prods... and cattle. And this was less disjointed the first time I wrote it, but I discovered that resizing netscape clears all your little forms. Grotendous. |
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that is not an argument. ever. |
our forefathers felt that slavery was OKEEDOKEY. our forefathers were intelligent men, but not impeccable pillars of wisdom. |
MEGA DITTOS MEGA DITTOS MEGA DITTOS. |
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Question: How can you support the killing of innocent, unborn babies, but not of convicted killers? Shouldn't the baby be given more of a chance then a murderer? I realize it is "the mother's choice", but what about the baby? |
I support the death penalty, but not under the current system, which is obviously severely flawed. If men on death row are being refused DNA tests, I refuse to dedicate my tax dollars to murdering them. Maybe I'll start an abortion thread. Am I ready for the sparks to fly, though? |
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And Trace, unless your going to stop paying taxes, or you already have. YOU HAVE NO CHOICE, THEY DECIDE, ITS ALL UP TO THEM, AND WE HAVE NO CONTROL... DO YOU HEAR ME NO CONTROL. |
babies and yet, when they're born, they're the ones most likely to withhold any services to support them. to me, it's simple: if you don't want it, abort it. there's a little pill that'll take care of it. i really don't think it's all that cruel. sad, maybe but not cruel. i've seen a lot of newborns including my own and for all the talk of babies having the buddha mind and being aware of everything, my impression is that for the first couple of months, the lights are on but nobody's home. that's after they're born. i've never met a fetus or an embryo but i'm pretty sure they have even less awareness of self than a newborn. my point is, that's the time to get rid of them. that's when it's most humane. so, yeah, if dubya wants to insist that women bear their babies when there's such an easy remedy available, he can fucking pay their child support, buy the b-day presents, x-mas presents, etc. god damn it. |
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Bush won! enough said! |
And, uh, Trace, your tax dollars aren't going to murdering babies. A prisoner doesn't pay to be on death row, and a woman does pay for an abortion. Maybe your tax dollars are going to policemen who prevent clinics from being bombed by idiots, but your money ain't paying for no vacuum. |
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And just look at the death penalty as a "retroactive" abortion. |
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convicts. I just said W was an asshole. I'm just saying he's pretty heartless, and that denying someone a small chance to prove their innocence (and save their life) is pretty shitty, and then to make fun of someone who is on death row and thus going to die in the reletively near future is a sure way to lose my vote. That's pretty cruel. I don't support cruelty to ANYONE. Except politicians. Granted, he was probably guilty. And no, there is no absolute proof. But we have the obligation to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. A DNA test is pretty strong evidence. What if that DNA test would have suggested his innoncence? Killing an innocent grown man is not more ok than killing a fetus. But it's a pretty easy stance to say "don't kill babies" and "be mean to criminals". Morally rightious and whatnot. Just remember, you have to make SURE they're criminals before you kill them. |
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I just think it's kind of odd that Texas has the largest death row population, and that Texas is not afraid to kill people who are mentally retarded. Interesting. |
I don't believe dave is a 'dem'. I know I'm not a 'dem'. |
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i'm way more democrat than republican but i'm not a democrat. i'm really a civilized anarchist. that's different from the pseudo-anarchist that feels the need to provoke the cops at n30. |
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a. clearcutting is bad. b. sustainable logging is not. I am all for logging, because I recognize the need for lumber. However, due to clearcutting, lumber is no longer the number one industry in mendocino county, pot is. I remember when I first moved there that they would cut down trees so huge it would take six logging trucks to bring them to the mill. Now, I've seen as many as thirty tiny trunks on one truck. c. recycling is a great way to get paper. I use recycled or bamboo paper. I think that recycling should actuall be promoted even more than it is, because it's shame to think of all the paper that gets wasted every year that comes straight from the mill. Interestingly, though some paper is made from entire inferior trees like pine, much of it as actually made from the leavings of trunks after they have been milled, which makes it a lot better. Often, they aren't cutting down entire trees solely for paper. In my case, were they to clearcut on the sides of the highway, I wouldn't know that over the ridge was pristine wilderness, because there wouldn't be. I despise the scenic corridor, because it was put up for tourists and it's a denial of the truth, which upsets me. I'm lucky, I lived in an area which is mostly private land, and what GP land there was was too steep and worthless to log anyway, so I was surrounded by trees, albeit second growth. For around an hour around me on all sides there were trees, with some fields--which used to be forested, but had recovered from their clearcutting and weren't nasty, because they were clearcut as much as 100 years ago. However, were I to go inland, I would see entire hills looking like fresh scars. I have long ago resigned myself to the fact that there is very little pristine wilderland in America. When I caretook a 365 acre ranch with my father, the landlord was cutting down the old growth there, and it was only because I begged and pleaded with her that 50 acres were left alone. She practiced sustainable logging, which made the land look less desolate. But still... I think our national parks, the few pristine woodlands left to us, need to be preserved. It's very important to me that people are able to see trees one hundred years from now. And I happen to know which candidate it is that wants to destroy that. Trace, many of us object to clearcutting, not logging. Moreover, often our objection is not to save the trees, but to save the land. Salmon are an endagered species as a result of clearcutting. Coho Salmon, once the pride and joy of Mendocino County, are almost gone. GP and LP tried to cover this fact up, and when that didn't work, they said the salmon were all gone so that the county would allow them to clearcut for thirty miles along the banks of a river. It took the efforts of two politically minded high school students, who went in and did fish counts in those waters, to prevent the logging and ultimate destruction of that river. I am not a "dem," either, and I don't value trees over the lives of innocent men on death row, of even fetusus. I value the ability for man to live on the earth 100 years from now. |
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each state gets as many electoral votes as congressional representatives. each state gets at least three (two senate seats and one or more house seats). |
"I am not a "dem," either, and I don't value trees over the lives of innocent men on death row, or even fetusus." Jesus. I also happen to value wanted babies more than unwanted ones when they're in the womb. I know a girl who had a baby that she thought she wanted, in fact, she still does, and she loves her little girl, but the father is a dead beat and didn't pay child support. She had to drop out of school to try and raise her child, the father never contacts her, never sends money, yet somehow expects visitation rights. That's fucked up. I think, in any case, even though I can't have children, that it is not my place to choose for or judge a woman who doesn't want her child. Perhaps it is better off that way. Population is a huge problem, should we exacerbate it by being childish about this issue? Having both sides repeat the same stupid rhetoric? The Europeans managed to sort all of this out without problems and are now carring on. It is not you place or anyone elses to tell a woman what to do with her body. Period. |
I think that Dario Fo should write a play about this election. |
Thats all that needed to be said... See the English aren't all that backwards now are they? |
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What was that you just said, Trace? Are you implying that no one in Europe bathes? That statement shouldn't even merit the reply I was going to make. Jesus fucking Christ. That is the most ridiculous statement I have ever heard _in my life_. |
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We do have a string going for this conversaion... Oh well, live and let live.... OH WAIT.... THATS MY WHOLE FUCKING POINT. |
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was two. CNN.com says Montana has: 3 out of 538 total; 0.6 percent of total electoral votes |
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I LOVE THEM ALCOHOL. |
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what gives the state the right to kill someone? |
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what they need to do is do away with the "bonus" electorates that a state is given for their senators. base electorates soley on population. Montana has 3 electorates. They used to have 4, now they have 3. |
(1) there is no natural law, so there are no natural rights, so an rights we're talking about are social or political rights, meaning they're created and legitimated or de-legitimated in that context (2) the state has the right to kill people because it has taken that right and noone has stopped it. duh. (3) is it LEGITIMATE or ILLEGITIMATE in the social and political contexts in which it is found, if we're talking the American political context? Well, it's legitimate, because it's been so declared by those wacky arbiters of all things constitutional, the supreme court. Further, capital punishment seems to enjoy lots of popular support in many states. Not all states practice capital punishment. |
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I was stuck on a bus going to the Space Center in Florida and almost puked a French hairy armpits crew was aboard and it fucking stunk. Fuck them. |
Of course there's natural law! Gravity, momentum, etc... It's my firm belief (yes...belief...) that there is an optimal set of guidelines that help society run in a way that benefits the majority of it's members in a most pleasing fashion. That to me would be "natural law." (Although I don't like the word "law." It's a bit too static and dictatorial for my tastes.) Of course, the meanings words "benefit," "pleasing," and "guidelines" are so up to debate it ain't even funny... I base my belief on the following assumption: humans have a pretty static, definable physical structure. (It does change over time, but that change is slow. It is EXTREMELY complex, but we're getting better at describing it every day.) There must, therefore, be some optimal way for us to interact so that we're all as fulfilled as possible. I think that if we have a good 2000 years or so of enlightened study on the subject, we could make significant progress.... |
Oh, wait, I think that was the pamphlet at the grocery store. |
1: I went to the movies with some friends of mine, god knows why one of them had a bible on him, I sure as hell don't. Anyway, up front in the movie there was this kid who wouldn't shut the fuck up. My friend stood up, threw the bible at his head, and sat back down... The kid didn't say another fucking word... 2: I don't do drugs, but I have seen and heard that the pages of a bible make great rolling papers. |
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Rolling Papers. |
on another note: how many people think it's worth it to implement an accurate, computerized voting system that will probably cost somewhere around 3 billion dollars? this number is loosely based on the number of precincts in florida and the estimated number of machines needed in each precinct and then, extrapolating from that, the number of machines needed to service the whole country. when you figure that the current machines will need to be replaced eventually, it seems like a good idea. as long as microsoft is barred from contributing to the design of the new equipment, the accuracy could conceivably approach 100%. wouldn't you like to know that, if you're going to put the effort into getting out and voting, your ballot is actually going to be counted? awww, what do i care. |
And if the Shrub gets his way, we're not going to be paying that off any time soon, so no, we won't be able to finance any election system improvements... |
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A. You. |
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i think it could cost less but consider that it's the gov who'll be doing the buying and what they've been known to pay for toilet seats. |
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we have a cafeteria plan that reimburses childcare expenses. it works like this: you pay into the plan and it comes out of your pre-tax income. then you pay for your childcare and get reimbursed. what do you really save? the taxes on the cost of your childcare. and we have a little day care for the employees' children, which is not free but which lets you run over and see the kids at lunch and stuff. for the 4 and overs i think it's montessori based education, too, or maybe it's the 3 and overs, or even the 2 and overs. it's the ones that aren't infants anymore. i played with the kids a little yesterday. so. think about it. HAPPY BIRTHDAY AGATHA!!!! |
yeah dave, i heard that.....i also heard some sound bites of James Carvel...he was just sitting back smiling...saying the same thing.you are right, the votes will eventually be counted...Bush knows damn well he didnt win, not only did he loose the popular vote, but he lost the vote in florida and subsequently the electoral college. an illegitimate prez thats "legitimate". have you seen him lately....he looks horrible, slouched over, his brow crumbled up. he's not ready for this.....he's knows he's in for a 4 year beating. if anyone should conceed its him. the fix was on in FL.... and i suspect over the next 4 years its gonna back fire. our fears about he supreme pizza court nominations should subside, as it is going to be difficult to get a senate confirmation....he's gonna have to go with a moderate...and these particular nominees are gonna be examined carefully. Who recalls the confirmations Clinton made? Bush? (other than that A.Scalia lapdog C.Thomas) How about Reagan? Most of those nominations went unnoticed....with the exception of Sandra Day...and thats because shes was the first woman to be put up on the bench....... eitherway |
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dave, i know how you are about holidays......but im confident you are doing some sweet for the lass.........RIGHT? id offer to babysit assuming a)you'd ever leave your kid alone with the mrs and I (i swear we'd smoke outside) b) we lived in the same town |
gotta go to work. |
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thinking Gore should conceed simply because they are tired of the issue.......wtf????? fickle fickle fickle!!!!!!! these are the same people that pay attention once every 4 years......and then go to sleep politically in the interim.....and now their attentions spans are spent. fuck them! Gore is doing everything he is allowed to do LEGALLY and CONSTITUTIONALY. There is no frivilous lawsuit invloved here.....and by just saying "he should just give up" well......its bullshit....he is allowed by law to contest the votes. When you consider that the 10,000 odd illegal absentee votes in Seminole and Martin counties, that republicans filled in info but denied dems to do the same...THAT alone could turn the election in Gore's favor. whatever...i think he should fight as long as he is allowed to fight legally and constitutionally. *stepping down* |
Powell, Schwartzcoff, etc. |
he's putting together a cabinet of warmongers he already has Cheney on his bill......former secretary of defense. bush's cabinet scares me. |
I personally agree with Newsweek's assessment, that whoever ends up in teh White House is going to be viewed as illegitimate by a large portion of the population, a "bastard" if you will. I think that the best thing for the Dems would be to concede, and build on the outrage among loyal democrats to increase their party. A Bush victory almost certainly guarantees a Democratic Majority congress in 2 years. The reverse is probably as likely. Bush can't really even get away with screwing up the supreme court, since his appointees will have to get through an evenly split congress, and in 2 years, a probable Democratic congress. as above, reverse is likely. Four years of stagnation. ehh. |
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Our economy only works if it keeps growing and growing and growing. More capital, more product. Ideally, we're in the upward spiral. Higher earnings, higher stock prices, higher wages. moremoremore. |
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it isn't the way you think it is. |
Last year, I got a return of 33% from my US sharemarket trust fund...and it wasn't because the government was stagnate. |
Of course it also likes it when the government hands out corporate welfare, but that's another story... |
what is the way it is nate? |
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that whole business about the absentee applications that had voter id numbers filled in by repubs: 1) the repubs pre-printed the information on the applications before sending them out. the printer failed to include the voter id number. 2) the repubs requested permission to write in the voter id numbers on the applications and were granted that permission. 3) it wouldn't make sense for the dems to have the same "right" (not that they would have been denied), because all the applications were sent to repub voters. 4) this was probably illegal, HOWEVER: 5) every application was sent in by a registered voter (to throw them out would be to disenfranchise them on a technicality) 6) there is no way to determine which votes were cast by the voters whose applications were incomplete (the lawsuits requested that all absentee votes in a county to be thrown out-- disenfrancising even more people.) --- Gore's whole mess is due to his desire to have every vote counted. even if the vote was thrown out due to a technicality (because chad got preggers by some old jewish woman, or something.) except when the votes are for bush in which case, the votes should be thrown out on a technicality. it's garbage. twisted. politics as usual. the media tends to spin it differently, though. eh? |
my cats' names are as follows Isabella and Karenin (short for Karenina) i just got a brainfrying of a lecture on a particulary pain in the ass software called Dynamics. i dont see much of anything right now except TPS reports... i'll get back to you later assmunch |
I have not been keeping up, but this specific issue sounds like an interesting little side dish. |
Give me a break! |
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i never asked her. send it to me. |
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it's all there. if you watch TV or listen to the short radio news briefs, you miss the big picture. antigone - "Nate, if a Clinton or Gore supporter said, "...what he did was probably illegal, HOWEVER..." you'd rip him a new asshole. " i'm not in the bush camp. i think the people elected gore and the system elected bush. in response to your statement, read what I wrote. filling in the voter id's may be criminal, but it is not the voters who cast the ballots that committed the crime. registered voters voted. had their applications been thrown out, they would not have received their ballots and they would have then known they needed to find another way to vote. bush has won, the system is flawed, god save the queen. |
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have you noticed the little texas bbq going on our gov't.? prez-TEXAS majority leader-Tom Delay TEXAS house whip-Dick Army TEXAS VP-Cheney (though not orig) from TEXAS ummmm uhhhhhhh oil special interest alaskan drilling fuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuck uhhhhh but jeb will NOT be appointed to any cabinets |
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though we're at level 3 emergency today. we send our juice out of state. it's fucked up. |
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http://www.cseti.org Check out some of that shit, the guy actually beleives it, I heard him on the radio yesterday |
I heard they stopped sending water via the aqauduct to help save juice. NoCal doesnt like sending water our way. |
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One last mention of the election: http://thehixons.homestead.com/maps.html |
unless opera is weak. if so, nevermind. |
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By that logic, the voters in Death Valley have the same weight as the voters in Manhattan. That makes sense, doesn't it? |
My answer is, "Yes, because someone would be stupid enough to make this argument." |
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that's ok, and all... this is a free forum. sort of. but you know, i read that stupid people often don't realize that they are stupid. |
That is dirty politics. |
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Like I said, I am sickened by the republicans now, and i dont like the democrats, so i could care less who wins......... I hope that they cannot decide and the entire state of FL is invalidated. Gore would win, but at this point who cares |
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heh heh heh. well, not better. just funny. |
actually i totally understand the notion of not disenfranchising the votes in those two counties, however, votes everywhere, all the time, get disallowed due to technicalities, hardly the fault of the voter. Unfortunately because FL is being so polarized right now, the hearts would bleed for those disenfranchised. Tough call. However this situation with the FL Supreme Court is shocking, i totally expected them to end it. A gasp of air for Gore. i fully admit to being an idiot, and i am totally comfortable wth it. |
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Finally! |
legal votes that were't counted simply because thay ran out of time? |
anybody happen to read the new ender book? |
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when i think of "dimpled chads" i think of a Kids in the Hall skit.... "30 Mary's agree.......(picture of 30 women named Mary) eating meat is the right thing to do" or what ever the tag line is. "30 Dimpled Chads agree........" picture 30 cheeky, freckled, dimpled people named Chad |
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damn shame. you go, office redneck! you're an american hero! |
Anyway, who cares, it's all bullshit. I was driving home listening to the talking heads on the radio and realized that this whole florida thing is like a bad movie script. First off, who would buy a ticket to see this horseshit? Secondly, all during the campaign, at least as far back as in the spring, i remember hearing Florida is going to be the deciding state. Then, the week preceding the election on the 7th, they said "It is going to be a very close race, and most likely one canidate will win the popular vote, and one, most likely Gore, will win the electoral vote." Then, we all watched what happened that night. Florida was declared for gore before the poles closed. then bush started complaining that it was too early to call florida, then later the networks reversed it and called it too close to call, then it was called for bush, gore called to conceed the race, then they called florida too close to call, so gore retracted his concession. recount (first one demanded by law) after recount, decision goes to appeal, then goes to decicion then goes to appeal, gore wins appeal, bush wins decision, gore wins appeal. They certify the vote, it gets appealed, a new deadline is set, it gets appealed, a new deadline is set, and a new certification is set, then it gets appealed. Now it comes down to this: 1. Florida's governor is the "winning" canidates brother. 2. If the us supreme pizza court refuses newest appeal, then it goes back to the hands of bush's brother's state with bush's party in control of the senate.- That ends up in a constitutional crisis because there is no way the democrats would or should accept that. It goes to the congress and the senate. the congress is mostly republican, so they will choose bush, the sentate will be split 50/50, sending it to the president of the senate, Al Gore..... 3. If the us supreme court hears the case and upholds the first appeal but turns the second appeal over, then bush wins. The fact of the matter is this: The second article of the US constitution plainly states that the legislature, not the courts, decides who is the president. Which leads us back to the sentate issue again. What the fuck? |
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That's good. Nate, you fuck face you. At the (gladly taken) risk of sounding like a broken record: power to govern should, and ultimately DOES come from the will of the governed. Gore got more votes. Period, the end. I REALLY don't like Gore, but more people came out and voted for him than for anyone else, so until people get off their asses and decide that they don't like the way things are being run, he should be in charge. Of course, in a perfect world, there would be a vote of confidence every 6 months. |
the federal government has laws, and the system needs to be abided by until changed. that makes this a lawful society. the computer is good. i am happy. ther is an old person in my yard. shit. mm. j-dubs. i let my robe slip open so she could see my penis. ooooo. she's on my land, it's my choice. anyway. the people elected gore, the system elected bush. and now we are in a vomitesque mess that means no-one is elected. there is and will not be a president. you are free to walk about the plane. if the vote gets to gore, congress can decide that gore is the man, but ultimately Jeb has to sign the purchase request. however, the senate has to vote for the president of the senate if there is none. that would likely be the lieb, and that would make lieb the VP. then, and even if dub won. the system is flawed! take arms! take arms! |
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i've been realizing that you can't have an informed discussion on anything that goes on with someone who gets all of their news from the tv. at least, from network news. the lack of depth leads to disturbing loss of understanding. |
that's america. |
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i hear the europeons listen to more techno. |
"the system is flawed! take arms! take arms! " "the people elected gore, the system elected bush. " My contention is this: We NEED to change the system now. If we let "the system," overrule the people which said system supposedly (alliteration!) serves, well, then, where are we? *appropriately cynical voice* fuck the system! power to the people! like has been said: fuck TV. the media and "the system" (oh, I really DO hate saying that over and over) picked the candidates for us, anyhow. blah. |
which isn't all bad, but i don't plan to come into power that way. enjoy. |
over. I, personally, am quite tickled with the idea of Strom Thurmond as President. |
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I read in newseek over the weekend nothing but "Poor Gore" this and "poor gore" that. It said, and I quote, "Reporters were scrambling and tripping over eachother trying to dig up some scandal on Katherine Harris" and "A few minutes before the media launched "All Al All the Time" media coverage to convince the American Public that the 2000 election was not over, and Al Gore should win the election", and newsweek was a very liberal publication. Watch TV, read magazines, and let your brain turn to mush. Let that TV do the thinking for you. Beleive it, you drooling fools! Watch as our constitution is shredded, and laugh about it, and drool some more. |
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http://www.newtimesla.com/issues/2000-12-07/stewart.html |
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fuck! does anyone get it? where i live almost everyone is like trace. damn republican freaks. i have to get out of here. |
And Nixon was not a crook. And clinton did not smoke pot, or monica, or kathleen willy. and george washington did cut down a cherry tree. and the buck did stop (litteraly) at truman's desk. |
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*** AUSTIN, Tx (Dec. 11) - Attorneys for Texas Governor George W. Bush filed suit in federal court today, seeking to prevent Santa Claus from making his list and then checking it twice. The complaint seeks an immediate injunction against the beloved Christmas icon, asking the court to effectively ban his traditional practice of checking the list of good boys and girls one additional time before packing his sleigh. The suit, filed in the Federal District Court of Austin, Texas, asks a federal judge to "hereby order Mr. Claus to cease and desist all repetitive and duplicative list-checking activity, and certify the original list as submitted, without amendment, alteration, deletion, or other unnecessary modification." "There are no standards for deciding who is naughty, and who is nice. It's totally arbitrary and capricious. How many more times does he need to check? This checking, checking, and e-checking over and over again must stop now," said former Secretary James Baker. Baker further claimed that unnamed GOP observers witnessed an elf removing all boys named Justin from the 'nice' list, filing them under 'naughty' instead because "everyone knows all boys named Justin are brats." Gov. Bush cited the potential for unauthorized list tampering, and blasted what he called the "crazy, crazy mess up there at the North Pole." "Their security is really awful, really bad," said Bush. "My mother just walked right in, told 'em she was Mrs. Claus. They didn't check her ID or nothing." Meanwhile, Dick Cheney, Gov. Bush's running mate, issued a direct plea to St. Nick himself. "Mr. Claus, I call on you to do the honorable thing, and quit checking your list. The children of the world have had enough. They demand closure now," Cheney said, adding that his granddaughter has already selected a name for the pony she's asked for. The Rev. Jesse Jackson was quick to respond to this latest development with plans to lead his protesters from Florida to the North Pole via dogsled. The "Million Man Mush" is scheduled to leave Friday. "We need red suits and sleighs, not law suits and delays," Jackson said. Santa Claus could not be reached for comment, but a Spokes-elf said he was "deeply distressed" by news of the pending legal action against him. "He's losing weight, and he hasn't said 'Ho Ho' for days," said the spokes-elf. "He's just not feeling jolly." |
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Gladly. The constitution. I'm trying to remember that one. Was that the one in which black citizens only counted as 3/5 of a person? Or, no. the constitution was the one which only allowed white, land-owning males to have any say in anything. right. Isn't the constitution also that thing which (in a land constantly lauded for it's "democratic ideals,") while it drones on and on about representation and the importance of every mans input, allows it's leader to be chosen by an aristocracy with only nominal responsibility to the people they supposedly represent? Yeah. let's shred that shit. first lets nip out the bits that don't work, and paste in stuff that we like more. That's the way the game works. And we can't wait until the game is over, Trace, as sad as it may seem for George W. Bush. the next four years will be a lame duck term; phenomonally boring, lulling the American people back into their usual blissful ignorance as "Uncle Sam" continues to bilk and abuse them. We have to, as the saying goes, strike while the iron is hot. Change the rules now, while people are pissed off; while people realize what a fucked up political cul-de-sac they've constructed for themselves. As soon as this is over, people will stop thinking about it. This is SUCH a great opportunity to pull the wool away from the eyes of so many people. There hasn't been a better time for a revolution since... I dunno. longtime. outta steam already. see? |
I almost laughed my ass of the other day when I was listening to the radio (am station). They said "Our founding fathers were wise beyond thier years". No, they were just the same as they are today, and flawed. But, if we tried to write the constitution today, I don't think it could be done |
6 Ways Al Gore Can Still Become the 43rd President by Bob Fertik Co-founder, Democrats.com 212-396-3457 While thousands of Americans have eloquently urged the Supreme Court to count every vote, there is little optimism that the Court will actually do so. Rather, it appears clear that a narrow partisan majority will nullify rule for George W. Bush, regardless of the facts before them. But even if the Supreme Court rules against Al Gore, there are at least 6 ways that Al Gore could become the 43rd President of the United States, consistent with the will of the majority of Americans and Floridians - who voted on Election Day. 1. George Bush can concede for the good of the nation. There has been tremendous pressure on Al Gore to concede, despite his winning the popular vote by over 337,000 votes. But what about George W. Bush? It is bad enough that Bush intends to assume the Presidency despite losing the popular vote. But it is immoral that Bush should claim a narrow victory in the Electoral College on the basis of a sorely disputed victory in Florida. The moral weight of the nation should fall upon George W. Bush to gracefully concede the election to the candidate with the stronger moral claim to victory, namely Al Gore. 2. Al Gore can still win Florida. Remember Seminole and Martin Counties? Yes, the Democrats lost in court. But on Monday at 9 a.m., Gerald Richman will appeal the Seminole case to the Florida Supreme Court. Richman believes Judge Nikki Clark erred when she acknowledged illegal conduct by Republican operatives, but refused to follow the remedy required under Florida law: namely, to reject all 15,000 absentee ballots. On Friday, the Florida Supreme Court overruled another trial court decision, the ruling by N. Sanders Saul. If the Florida Supreme Court chooses to apply Florida law, Al Gore will win Florida's 25 votes, and become the 43rd President of the United States. 3. The 32 Electors from Texas can be disqualified. Remember the 12th Amendment challenges to the 32 Electors from Texas? Lower courts have ruled that Dick Cheney became an "inhabitant" of Wyoming simply by dropping in for a day to get a voter registration card. But this case is on appeal to the Supreme Court, and it only takes four Justices to agree to hear the case. The four angry dissenters inthe Florida case Breyer, Ginsburg, Souter, and Stevens may be angry enough to put this case before the American people. 4. A Democratic state legislature can nullify Florida. Remember the Special Session of the Florida Legislature to choose Electors? The Republicans rounded up numerous Constitutional scholars to argue that it was perfectly legal for state legislatures to override the will of the voters of their state. Well, Democrats can play that game too. Democrats control the legislatures of eight states that voted for Bush: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. If any ONE of these states switches its electors to Gore, then Gore wins regardless of Florida and the Supreme Court. 5. Three Republican Electors can switch to Gore. The Electoral College is comprised of people, not machines. These people have consciences. In the majority of states, Electors are not bound by law to vote for the candidate to whom they were pledged. If there was a groundswell of opinion against a stolen election, it is not impossible to imagine 3 Republican electors (out of 271) doing the right thing. 6. Republican Members of Congress can switch parties, or simply vote with the Democrats to refuse to count Florida's 25 Electors. During the impeachment, a number of Republicans in Congress refused to go along with Tom DeLay and Trent Lott. In the House, seven Republicans voted against two of the three counts: Michael Castle (DE), Phil English (PA-21), Amo Houghton (NY-31), Peter King (NY-3), Connie Morella (MD-8), Chris Shays (CT-4), and Mark Souder (IN-4). If five of the seven switch, the Democrats would control the House. In the Senate, five Republicans voted against both counts: John Chafee (RI recently replaced by his son, Lincoln), Susan Collins (ME), Jim Jeffords (VT), Olympia Snowe (ME), and Arlen Specter (PA). It would take only one switch to give Democrats control of the Senate. As Yogi Berra famously said, "It ain't over till it's over." |
In one of Gore's many recent speeches, he said that electors should go with their state, though, because they are supposed to represent their state. I wonder what he would say if some decided to switch... |
You want to start couting undervotes? Really? How can you do that? An undervote is one where no president is voted for, but they choose other canidates in other races. Maybe, I know this may seem far fetched, but maybe the person did not want to vote for president at all? I wish I had not. What has happened is nothing new, or shocking, or wrong. It was just brought into this light this time around, and that is all. I also heard they were challenging over votes, where both canidates were selected. Now how in the hell can you do that? Lets see, if a dimple is counted as a vote (and if there is a dimple in both chad, what then, which dimple is bigger?) then if one hole is bigger then the other on over votes, this biggest hole wins? |
And there were more than two candidates, last time I checked. Also, last time I checked, not too many Holocaust survivors were voting for Hitler apologists. How about if there is a hanging chad for Gore? How about if the vote choice is obvious to a human but becuase of a fault in the machine, the machine can't register it? Hanging chads don't just happen, someone had to poke at it. Isn't that intent of a vote? How many people really don't vote for president, but vote for everything else? That seems a lot more far fetched to me than arguing that lots of people do that very thing. Dimpled chads should be counted, but only if there aren't any othe dimples on the ballot. I think that's a clear intent. How about the fact that the vote machines in Palm Beach hadn't been cleaned out in years, possibly affecting how easy it is to punch out a chad completely? Maybe Bush should do the honorable thing and concede. After all, he lost the popular vote, and the honorable thing to do would be to recognize that the majority of the people do not want him for president, so he should go back to being bailed out of failed business ventures by his poppa. |
because there is a chance he didn't win. it doesn't mean he didn't win. the assumption that if there is a recount it will go in gore's favor is bunk. a fair recount would pull equal amounts of underdimpledpregnanthanging votes from bush heavy districts, and should return the same results (within the margin of error.) if there is a recount all districts need to be recounted. gore's plan is to only recount those districts that are gore heavy. he's just as bad as the village idiot. i'm sick of all the gore supporters. their ears are closed to anything short of gore is always right. a bunch of media zombies. you're no better than the religious right. michael moore's emails have become emotional to the point of being completely illogical. i'm very disappointed. shame on you all. |
i recommend reading the entire article but i got a few paragraphs here..... http://www.newtimesla.com/issues/2000-12-07/stewart.html "This truism, which to me has the weight of a mathematical law, is that the more partisan an expert, professor, lawyer, politician or pundit is, the dumber they become. For proof of this, I point to the incredible screw ups made by supposed legal genius Laurence Tribe, the Harvard Law School scholar who argued Vice President Al Gore's side before the U.S. Supreme Court last week. "Tribe and the partisan hordes, poring over state and federal laws, failed to find the key section in Article II of the U.S. Constitution that the Supreme Court used to send the case back to the Florida Supreme Court." "....suggested that Palm Beach County simply hold a new election so that everyone, including mush-headed voters who got confused by the "butterfly" ballot, could vote for their intended presidential choice. "Which homily shall I use? You cannot put toothpaste back in the tube? Time travel is possible only on Star Trek? Yet Tribe actually suggested in the Times that, to make sure the election was re-created and the same candidates got the same votes as on Election Day, voters would sign an affidavit swearing they had voted the same way." heh....yeah affadavit... "William Daley called in Democratic operatives to find voting irregularities in Florida (of any kind, anywhere). According to some media reports, nearly 100 operatives were in Florida by November 8 digging up stories -- everything from the Florida Highway Patrol allegedly putting a roadblock near a black polling place to the angry old ladies in Dade County who hated the butterfly ballot. (And you thought the hard-working media just stumbled onto those stories). "They stupidly chose Daley as the spokesman to decry voting problems in Florida. Daley? The son of the late Chicago Mayor Richard Daley who was widely suspected by historians of cheating to assure John F. Kennedy won in Chicago in 1960? Would Republicans ever choose an immediate relative of Tricky Dick Nixon to be their spokesperson decrying election irregularities? "The Gore camp's believability took a beating when it claimed that a "near-riot" by Republican partisans, who shouted, ran down a hall, and pounded on a door, had frightened the Miami-Dade County election board into stopping its hand recount. If that exuberant display -- in which not a soul was touched -- was a "near-riot," then three-quarters of the protests during the Democratic National Convention were "near-riots." |
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bush is a bad, bad man. who pays jesse? |
bush is a bad, bad man. who pays jesse? |
I think jesse is paid by private funds as well as the NAACP funds. I know he was paid big to come and help the teamsters out in the LA Bus/Subway strike. Im sure he gets paid big for speaking engagements to. Jesse gets paid, believe me he gets paid. Instead of nit picking for recounts i individual counties Gore should have contested it right away, not just in select counties, but the whole damn state election, district, state supreme and the national supreme courts. we could have done what we did in the last week in the first week after the election. |
Jesse is insane, and yes, he is trying (in my opinion anyway) to incite a riot. I read in the KC Star today that he has stated that if the Supreme Court rules in favor of Bush, then it is a horrible injustice for all americans, and there should be an outcry |
what he IS trying to do is rabblerouse and make issues out of (often) non issues. He's good at polarizing events that appear, on the surface, to be racially motivated. Too often they aren't. I think overall he is a race baiter, and I THINK the majority of America sees this and gives him the little regard he deserves. Calling for an outcry is not calling for a riot. |
Trace, for some reason I thought of my friend Joe when I read this, but I thought you might appreciate it too. |
unreasonable. It's worked so well for republicans. It let republicans manufacture scandal after scandal on Clinton until one stuck. After all of the impeachment bullshit I think democrats have every right to be unreasonable. So, Gore should be unreasonable. Gore supporters should be unreasonable. Republicans have been shouting the "no compromise" message since '94. It's about time democrats listen to and emulate that message. It's time the republicans reap what they have sown. |
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this kind of bullshit. |
Even according to Gore strategy these votes should count. Bois said yesterday, that in a 1917 Florida voter case(i think thats right) regarding voter intent and setting a standard to follow, the FL supreme court upheld that EVEN if the voter does NOT follow the instructions on how to vote their vote shall not be disenfranchised. bois used this yesterday and the republicans could argue the same logic to count these votes. the service men and women who followed the rules shouldnt be penalized. The system should. |
silly people. as this goes on and on it just further proves my initial point: the stupid should not have the privledge of sufferage. if only the intelligent were allowed the vote, gore would have easily tripled bush's votes. |
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sufferage like a dog, nate. |
yeah nate but how are you gonna decide on WHO is stupid and who is not? thats a whole gamet of wrangling to be had, so you might as well make it easy....over 18, citizen, not a convicted felon, and prove your residence. well actually nate, what you said about the situation in Martin and that other county.....where repubs filled in the blanks. I started to think about that. And well, trying to be as un partisian as possible, i did think that voter intent should trump all....and despite indeed VERY questionable acts the repubs did with those ballots...they voter should not be disenfranchised. So we MAY be on the same page here. And that article from salon antigone pointed out further proved to me there are hypocisies and failures on both sides. I think the Gore legal team has failed to pursue this correctly as well as be a bunch of hypocrites, and i think the Bush team a bunch of fucking neo hypocrites who might as well be wearing powdered w(h)igs, but it appears their legal team has out foxed the dems. do i still think the votes should be counted? well yes in theory. How could they count the votes in such a manner as to accurately represent the state of FL and follow the rules without rewriting the rules midgame?Well i think thats impossible.do I think Gore is a sore looser? no, he did what he is allowed to do under law. Do i think Bush ought to be prez? no. Do i think he ought to take a beating for the next 4 years for being the illegitmate prez? hell yeah, i look forward to it. Am i truly scared of what he'll do? naw, his worst case scenarios couldnt possibly come true with the Congress like it is. its an american heavymetal weekend!!!!!! |
everyone who can have an opinion should be able to vote. this coming from someone who used to wish that stupid and bad people could be excused from the planet |
go back to watching spice, drinking yourself silly, smoking pot and fucking your signifigant in the ass. your regularly scheduled america is already in progress. |
Confetti that was robbed by 35 days of delaying the inevitable. Shocking as it may seem comeing from me, the very best thing Bush could do right now is concede. Why would anyone want the presidency in this fashion? He would appear the bigger man and doing the best thing for the country. As much as I dislike Algore, the best thing would be for him to be president, with total control over his cabinet. Why? Because this way neither one looks like sore loosers, it may help to better unite the country, and, of course the Republicans would benefit from this, rather then, as they ultimately will, eventually loose the the house, senate, and White House. 4 years from Jan 20th, it will be a liberal senate, congress, and white house. I can almost guarantee that. |
these aren't the ballots you're looking for. move along. republicans are fucking amazing. |
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You know what would be cool? If both conceded. Nah, they're too greedy to do that. Ever hear of an oil baron conceding anything? |
equal protection? equal protection my ass. the state cant have equal protection where there arent equal voting methods from county to county. i haven't read the decisions but i will. I understand the dissenting justices are quite bitter. "politics is about slow and painful mediocre compromise." so is ass sex heather.....go figure |
my daughter is so cool. still love them alcohol. |
I think it's about time I love them alcohol a bit myself. probably be doing quite a bit loving them alcohol when I go home for christmas. |
and there is no way a red plastic bong would cost $50. |
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The thing I'm thinking about today is how uniquely ill-suited the U.S. Supreme Court is to decide a question like this, really through no fault of its own. But the personal conflicts of interest are so strong. Rehnquist wants to retire, but probably feels he couldn't if a Democrat is elected. So he's thinking, 'If I decide one way I get to go home and play golf at my golf club that's restricted to white people, and if I go the other way I have to work for four years.' With O'Connor, it's the same thing on retirement. So it's like, 'A month from now I can retire and just relax and have a life.' She can go back to Arizona or wherever she wants to go. Scalia wants to be chief justice, and he's thinking, 'If I decide on Gore's side, I can't be chief justice.' This isn't like they own stock and they have to decide based on that. This is about their entire life, what their life's going to be like in the next four years. And that's all forgetting Scalia's two sons working for law firms where Bush attorneys work, and Thomas' wife working on the transition. I mean, it's ridiculous. You couldn't get people less disinterested. So that would be a reason for them to try to craft some solution that doesn't necessarily make it where they decide. But to send it back with two hours to go -- that's like chicken shit. |
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And how is that a crock of shit, and none of this really matters to the election anymore, since Gore just conceded? But it is in fact against the law for justices to rule in a case where there is a relative looking to make a buck. I refer you to 28 United States Code, Section 455 B-4 (thanks to Mike Moore): "He knows that he, individually or as a fiduciary, or his spouse or minor child residing in his household, has a financial interest in the subject matter in controversy or in a party to the proceeding, or any other interest that could be substantially affected by the outcome of the proceeding;" Please tell me that doesn't apply! Part a of the statute says: "Any justice, judge, or magistrate of the United States shall disqualify himself in any proceeding in which his impartiality might reasonably be questioned." Franken raises the exact reasons for questioning their impartiality. That statute could and should be read to disqualify the Supreme Court in any decision regarding the Presidential election, actually. And, most importantly, Fuck you if you can't take a joke. |
It is specualtive, comedic crock not seriously worth considering....AL Franken is a comedian formerly of Sat Night Live....he's somewhat of a political commentator/slash comedian. |
Gore hasnt conceeded....he will, most likely..."withdraw" he shouldnt conceed, he didnt loose. |
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Al Franken rocks. So does Cleo. |
I know it pisses off Nate to keeep quoting Michael Moore, But I've been missing the Daily Show lately, so what can you do? but, like Moore says, just because the pop machine rejects your dollar, doesn't make not a dollar. Concede, withdraw, it has the same effect, doesn't it? comedians across the country must be doing cartwheels. Poor Bill Maher, he must be so divided. |
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The crop circles? It was us! And stonehenge and easter island and JFK, and those funny little lights in the sky at night? That was us too! We were spying on the democrats! |
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We know who won, ok? You don't...need to get snippy about it. |
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My head hurts. It serious hurts. This man has his finger on the button now. Trust the Conspiracy to keep things interesting. |
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I'm biased. Al Gore would have been a great President. What a loss. Best of luck to W. If he governs as bipartisanly as he talked during the campaign, he'll do OK. |
Sounds pretty convenient for the republicans, doesn't it? |
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Conceed is to acknowledge that Bush won To withdraw simple means he's no longer in the contest. The Supreme Court fucked up considerably. They had no jurisdiction to stop the counting on Saturday and there was no Federal issue on this ruling. Trace get your head out of your ass.........the voting in Florida WAS fucked up. Its fucked up in a lot of states, particularyl the south. Depsite your feelings about Jesse Jackson and the NAACP there are things seriously wrong.....the good ole boy system is still in effect.....and unless you like your head in your ass, you should recognize this. Every election the NAACP, ACLU and other organizations DO find inconsistancies and irregularities with elections in the south.....to deny that it goes on again, head, ass etc. Trace he didn't loose to 4 recounts, the recounts were selective and inconsistant. Start and stop, start and stop start and stop....republican monkey wrench. You are eating right wing James Baker bullshit (sheesh would sombody get a powdered wig for that asshole already). They could have clarified the standards immediately after the election, as soon as the word chad was mentioned....this would have been done by the Florida legistlature mind you and the votes could have been counted fully and fairly, but your man didnt want that cause he knew damn well he'd loose. Thats ok he won. Im comforted by the fact that his presidency will be a joke, he will never be taken seriously, he will be ousted in 2004, he will be regarded as one of the more intellectually challenged preseidents. I still maintain after 4 yars of boobery you will be hard pressed to find people who voted for him, at least admit anyway. it seems to be a Bush family trait....suddenly no one seems to recall voting for Bush Sr. |
i apologize if my seemingly siding with trace at times has caused him undue self esteem. i still think he is a fucking moron. lovingly, nate ps. i know that if you all weren't pc-loving liberal wussies, you'd all tell him the same. |
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thank you. this is not a flame. after at least six repetitions, i think it bears correcting. i'm not conceeded enough to think my spelling's any better than yours. |
one more thing regarding this point......though i think Jesse Jackson CAN be a rabble rouser, and I still think Al Sharpton's politics to be seriously messed up......in regards to FL they have cause for alarm. they have in the past. unfortunately the mainstream is not ready to hear from Jesse just yet, in fact they are tired of him. Which is unfortunate....because serious issues go overlooked. That crap in IL with the fighting high school kids hurt him. Ultimately civil and social change such as the kind he is seeking doesn't happen because X amount of people get behind it. Social change is like a hurricane, the conditions need to be just right, the water needs to be a certain temp, and right now things arent right....they will be soon, but not now. just because nothing ever SEEMS to happen from Jackson's crusades, doesn't mean he is wrong. Rosa Parks may not have ignited the civil rights movement 6 mos before or after her incident. The planners of the civil rights movement knew this. She was strategic. Jackson needs a strategy, he shoots blindly i think. |
whats more alarming than 6 mispellings of a word is tha fact that you are counting. and with those 6 extra e's id like to invite you to e e e e e eat a dick this is not a flame kisses patrick |
it took me about five seconds to count the misspellings on this page. expecting adults that presume to take part in mature discourse to express themselves clearly is alarming? expecting that adults would want to know when they sound uneducated is alarming? enjoy yourself making fun of bush's illitericisms, smart guy. if you want to continue to sound uneducated, that's your problem. |
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I dont equate mispellings with uneducation, nor do i judge someone on mispellings, especially in this day and age, when people are typing more than they are speaking. i type to fast for my own good, and often don't proof read. and when i do proofread,im looking to make sure my pioint comes across, NOT that t's are crossed and i's are dotted. conventional and imo, anal grammar is a general nuisance. im not stupid or ignorant for saying so. it seems this is the first thing you have posted here, maybe im wrong, but you might wanna try contributing rather than nitpicking....... its not a concern of mine to care what you think, only that im understood, and my mispellings and typos, i believe, do not prevent people from understanding me anymore than someone saying tomato or tomA(hhh)to.... |
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GORE GAVE UP.... Bush wins... yeah, whoopty fucking doo... God I hate the goverment. |
i apologize if my seemingly siding with trace at times has caused him undue self esteem. i still think he is a fucking moron. lovingly, nate ps. i know that if you all weren't pc-loving liberal wussies, you'd all tell him the same. " Nate, once again you prove your maturity. |
You can't stand to have your views challenged. I have never seen so many people go into hate filled hysterics as I have here. Its all a matter of opinion, and I will voice mine and I am entitled to them as much as the next person, and I will continue to state them. I think liberals have the morals of rocks, and have as many original thoughts as one as well. You side with a president who shits on the law and does not care, you protect everyone but the ones who need it most, and prefer majority rules over the law. But, it is America, and your allowed to be as decadent as you choose. Oh, and one last thing. I do not beleive everyone in this group that claims homosexuality is truely one. I have had 3 best friends that are gay, and know countless more, and none of them ever used "shoving a dick up your ass" as a threat. If those of you who claim to be gay really are, then you are the scariest mother fuckers i have ever met |
And what's up with the homosexuality comment? Are you truly that ignorant not to realize that gay folks are all too familiar with what riles up a conservative? You know, when someone like Pilate says he's gay, a. I tend to believe him, and b. so fucking what? also c. if I had to choose which one of you I'd want for a father figure, Pilate would win hands down. Morals of rocks? what the hell do you mean by that? How can you defend the morals of conservatives, who consistently deny basic human rights to gays, who don't care that the voting process in poor and African-American neighborhoods is flawed by the technology supplied to them, who think tht women shouldn't have a say over their own destinys and would be better off at home taking care of the kids? How great are the morals that allow one to demand that the tenets of your personal faith should take precedent over all others, that it should supercede the First Amendment? If that's being moral, then kiss my ass. I'm with Nate on this one. |
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And I'm with sem--I don't give a flying fuck about who's gay and who's now, and you shouldn't either. |
I never said anything about Pilate. AGAIN, DO NOT TWIST MY WORDS. I love a debate, but do not debate me by twisting my words |
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Trace, you really are the pot calling the kettle black. You've said more intolerant things on this board than just about any other person, and that's not even counting all of the crap you posted under other names, but we won't go into that... |
challenged. You're not doing that. Your arguments are, for the most part, completely inept. That's what's so damn annoying. |
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thread is dead. (that's what i said.) |
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by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba Copyright (C) 1993 Vinton Cerf. All rights reserved. May be reproduced in any medium for noncommercial purposes. This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba, Addison-Wesley, November 1993, ISBN 0-201-62214-9 The birth of the ARPANET My involvement began when I was at UCLA doing graduate work from 1967 to 1972. There were several people at UCLA at the time studying under Jerry Estrin, and among them was Stephen Crocker. Stephen was an old high-school friend, and when he found out that I wanted to do graduate work in computer science, he invited me to interview at UCLA. When I started graduate school, I was originally looking at multiprocessor hardware and software. Then a Request For Proposal came in from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA. The proposal was about packet switching, and it went along with the packet-switching network that DARPA was building. Several UCLA faculty were interested in the RFP. Leonard Kleinrock had come to UCLA from MIT, and he brought with him his interest in that kind of communications environment. His thesis was titled Communication Networks: Stochastic Flow and Delay, and he was one of the earliest queuing theorists to examine what packet-switch networking might be like. As a result, the UCLA people proposed to DARPA to organize and run a Network Measurement Center for the ARPANET project. This is how I wound up working at the Network Measurement Center on the implementation of a set of tools for observing the behavior of the fledgling ARPANET. The team included Stephen Crocker; Jon Postel, who has been the RFC editor from the beginning; Robert Braden, who was working at the UCLA computer center; Michael Wingfield, who built the first interface to the Internet for the Xerox Data System Sigma 7 computer, which had originally been the Scientific Data Systems (SDS) Sigma 7; and David Crocker, who became one of the central figures in electronic mail standards for the ARPANET and the Internet. Mike Wingfield built the BBN 1822 interface for the Sigma 7, running at 400 Kbps, which was pretty fast at the time. Around Labor Day in 1969, BBN delivered an Interface Message Processor (IMP) to UCLA that was based on a Honeywell DDP 516, and when they turned it on, it just started running. It was hooked by 50 Kbps circuits to two other sites (SRI and UCSB) in the four-node network: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. We used that network as our first target for studies of network congestion. It was shortly after that I met the person who had done a great deal of the architecture: Robert Kahn, who was at BBN, having gone there from MIT. Bob came out to UCLA to kick the tires of the system in the long haul environment, and we struck up a very productive collaboration. He would ask for software to do something, I would program it overnight, and we would do the tests. One of the many interesting things about the ARPANET packet switches is that they were heavily instrumented in software, and additional programs could be installed remotely from BBN for targeted data sampling. Just as you use trigger signals with oscilloscopes, the IMPs could trigger collection of data if you got into a certain state. You could mark packets and when they went through an IMP that was programmed appropriately, the data would go to the Network Measurement Center. There were many times when we would crash the network trying to stress it, where it exhibited behavior that Bob Kahn had expected, but that others didn't think could happen. One such behavior was reassembly lock-up. Unless you were careful about how you allocated memory, you could have a bunch of partially assembled messages but no room left to reassemble them, in which case it locked up. People didn't believe it could happen statistically, but it did. There were a bunch of cases like that. My interest in networking was strongly influenced by my time at the Network Measurement Center at UCLA. Meanwhile, Larry Roberts had gone from Lincoln Labs to DARPA, where he was in charge of the Information Processing Techniques Office. He was concerned that after building this network, we could do something with it. So out of UCLA came an initiative to design protocols for hosts, which Steve Crocker led. In April 1969, Steve issued the very first Request For Comment. He observed that we were just graduate students at the time and so had no authority. So we had to find a way to document what we were doing without acting like we were imposing anything on anyone. He came up with the RFC methodology to say, "Please comment on this, and tell us what you think." Initially, progress was sluggish in getting the protocols designed and built and deployed. By 1971 there were about nineteen nodes in the initially planned ARPANET, with thirty different university sites that ARPA was funding. Things went slowly because there was an incredible array of machines that needed interface hardware and network software. We had Tenex systems at BBN running on DEC-10s, but there were also PDP8s, PDP-11s, IBM 360s, Multics, Honeywell... you name it. So you had to implement the protocols on each of these different architectures. In late 1971, Larry Roberts at DARPA decided that people needed serious motivation to get things going. In October 1972 there was to be an International Conference on Computer Communications, so Larry asked Bob Kahn at BBN to organize a public demonstration of the ARPANET. It took Bob about a year to get everybody far enough along to demonstrate a bunch of applications on the ARPANET. The idea was that we would install a packet switch and a Terminal Interface Processor or TIP in the basement of the Washington Hilton Hotel, and actually let the public come in and use the ARPANET, running applications all over the U.S. A set of people who are legendary in networking history were involved in getting that demonstration set up. Bob Metcalfe was responsible for the documentation; Ken Pogran who, with David Clark and Noel Chiappa, was instrumental in developing an early ring-based local area network and gateway, which became Proteon products, narrated the slide show; Crocker and Postel were there. Jack Haverty, who later became chief network architect of Oracle and was an MIT undergraduate, was there with a holster full of tools. Frank Heart who led the BBN project; David Walden; Alex McKenzie; Severo Ornstein; and others from BBN who had developed the IMP and TIP. The demo was a roaring success, much to the surprise of the people at AT&T who were skeptical about whether it would work. At that conference a collection of people convened: Donald Davies from the UK, National Physical Laboratory, who had been doing work on packet switching concurrent with DARPA; Remi Despres who was involved with the French Reseau Communication par Paquet (RCP) and later Transpac, their commercial X.25 network; Larry Roberts and Barry Wessler, both of whom later joined and led BBN's Telenet; Gesualdo LeMoli, an Italian network researcher; Kjell Samuelson from the Swedish Royal Institute; John Wedlake from British Telecom; Peter Kirstein from University College London; Louis Pouzin who led the Cyclades/Cigale packet network research program at the Institute Recherche d'Informatique et d'Automatique (IRIA, now INRIA, in France). Roger Scantlebury from NPL with Donald Davies may also have been in attendance. Alex McKenzie from BBN almost certainly was there. I'm sure I have left out some and possibly misremembered others. There were a lot of other people, at least thirty, all of whom had come to this conference because of a serious academic or business interest in networking. At the conference we formed the International Network Working Group or INWG. Stephen Crocker, who by now was at DARPA after leaving UCLA, didn't think he had time to organize the INWG, so he proposed that I do it. I organized and chaired INWG for the first four years, at which time it was affiliated with the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP). Alex Curran, who was president of BNR, Inc., a research laboratory of Bell Northern Research in Palo Alto, California, was the U.S. representative to IFIP Technical Committee 6. He shepherded the transformation of the INWG into the first working group of 6, working group 6.1 (IFIP WG 6.1). In November 1972, I took up an assistant professorship post in computer science and electrical engineering at Stanford. I was one of the first Stanford acquisitions who had an interest in computer networking. Shortly after I got to Stanford, Bob Kahn told me about a project he had going with SRI International, BBN, and Collins Radio, a packet radio project. This was to get a mobile networking environment going. There was also work on a packet satellite system, which was a consequence of work that had been done at the University of Hawaii, based on the ALOHA-Net, done by Norman Abramson, Frank Kuo, and Richard Binder. It was one of the first uses of multiaccess channels. Bob Metcalfe used that idea in designing Ethernet before founding 3COM to commercialize it. The birth of the Internet Bob Kahn described the packet radio and satellite systems, and the internet problem, which was to get host computers to communicate across multiple packet networks without knowing the network technology underneath. As a way of informally exploring this problem, I ran a series of seminars at Stanford attended by students and visitors. The students included Carl Sunshine, who is now at Aerospace Corporation running a laboratory and specializing in the area of protocol proof of correctness; Richard Karp, who wrote the first TCP code and is now president of ISDN technologies in Palo Alto. There was Judy Estrin, a founder of Bridge Communications, which merged with 3COM, and is now an officer at Network Computing Devices (NCD), which makes X display terminals. Yogen Dalal, who edited the December 1974 first TCP specification, did his thesis work with this group, and went on to work at PARC where he was one of the key designers of the Xerox Protocols. Jim Mathis, who was involved in the software of the small-scale LSI-11 implementations of the Internet protocols, went on to SRI International and then to Apple where he did MacTCP. Darryl Rubin went on to become one of the vice presidents of Microsoft. Ron Crane handled hardware in my Stanford lab and went on to key positions at Apple. John Shoch went on to become assistant to the president of Xerox and later ran their System Development Division. Bob Metcalfe attended some of the seminars as well. Gerard Lelann was visiting from IRIA and the Cyclades/Cigale project, and has gone on to do work in distributed computing. We had Dag Belsnes from University of Oslo who did work on the correctness of protocol design; Kuninobu Tanno (from Tohoku University); and Jim Warren, who went on to found the West Coast Computer Faire. Thinking about computer networking problems has had a powerful influence on careers; many of these people have gone on to make major contributions. The very earliest work on the TCP protocols was done at three places. The initial design work was done in my lab at Stanford. The first draft came out in the fall of 1973 for review by INWG at a meeting at University of Sussex (Septemer 1973). A paper by Bob Kahn and me appeared in May 1974 in IEEE Transactions on Communications and the first specification of the TCP protocol was published as an Internet Experiment Note in December 1974. We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning. In July 1975, the ARPANET was transferred by DARPA to the Defense Communications Agency (now the Defense Information Systems Agency) as an operational network. About this time, military security concerns became more critical and this brought Steve Kent from BBN and Ray McFarland from DoD more deeply into the picture, along with Steve Walker, then at DARPA. At BBN there were two other people: William Plummer and Ray Tomlinson. It was Ray who discovered that our first design lacked and needed a three-way handshake in order to distinguish the start of a new TCP connection from old random duplicate packets that showed up later from an earlier exchange. At University College London, the person in charge was Peter Kirstein. Peter had a lot of graduate and undergraduate students working in the area, using a PDP-9 machine to do the early work. They were at the far end of a satellite link to England. Even at the beginning of this work we were faced with using satellite communications technology as well as ARPANET and packet radio. We went through four iterations of the TCP suite, the last of which came out in 1978. The earliest demonstration of the triple network Internet was in July 1977. We had several people involved. In order to link a mobile packet radio in the Bay Area, Jim Mathis was driving a van on the San Francisco Bayshore Freeway with a packet radio system running on an LSI-11. This was connected to a gateway developed by .i.Internet: history of: Strazisar, Virginia; Virginia Strazisar at BBN. Ginny was monitoring the gateway and had artificially adjusted the routing in the system. It went over the Atlantic via a point-to-point satellite link to Norway and down to London, by land line, and then back through the Atlantic Packet Satellite network (SATNET) through a Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) system, which had ground stations in Etam, West Virginia, Goonhilly Downs England, and Tanum, Sweden. The German and Italian sites of SATNET hadn't been hooked in yet. Ginny was responsible for gateways from packet radio to ARPANET, and from ARPANET to SATNET. Traffic passed from the mobile unit on the Packet Radio network across the ARPANET over an internal point-to-point satellite link to University College London, and then back through the SATNET into the ARPANET again, and then across the ARPANET to the USC Information Sciences Institute to one of their DEC KA-10 (ISIC) machines. So what we were simulating was someone in a mobile battlefield environment going across a continental network, then across an intercontinental satellite network, and then back into a wireline network to a major computing resource in national headquarters. Since the Defense Department was paying for this, we were looking for demonstrations that would translate to militarily interesting scenarios. So the packets were traveling 94,000 miles round trip, as opposed to what would have been an 800-mile round trip directly on the ARPANET. We didn't lose a bit! After that exciting demonstration, we worked very hard on finalizing the protocols. In the original design we didn't distinguish between TCP and IP; there was just TCP. In the mid-1970s, experiments were being conducted to encode voice through a packet switch, but in order to do that we had to compress the voice severely from 64 Kbps to 1800 bps. If you really worked hard to deliver every packet, to keep the voice playing out without a break, you had to put lots and lots of buffering in the system to allow sequenced reassembly after retransmissions, and you got a very unresponsive system. So Danny Cohen at ISI, who was doing a lot of work on packet voice, argued that we should find a way to deliver packets without requiring reliability. He argued it wasn't useful to retransmit a voice packet end to end. It was worse to suffer a delay of retransmission. That line of reasoning led to separation of TCP, which guaranteed reliable delivery, from IP. So the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was created as the user-accessible way of using IP. And that's how the voice protocols work today, via UDP. Late in 1978 or so, the operational military started to get interested in Internet technology. In 1979 we deployed packet radio systems at Fort Bragg, and they were used in field exercises. The satellite systems were further extended to include ground stations in Italy and Germany. Internet work continued in building more implementations of TCP/IP for systems that weren't covered. While still at DARPA, I formed an Internet Configuration Control Board chaired by David Clark from MIT to assist DARPA in the planning and execution of the evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite. This group included many of the leading researchers who contributed to the TCP/IP development and was later transformed by my successor at DARPA, Barry Leiner, into the Internet Activities Board (and is now the Internet Architecture Board of the Internet Society). In 1980, it was decided that TCP/IP would be the preferred military protocols. In 1982 it was decided that all the systems on the ARPANET would convert over from NCP to TCP/IP. A clever enforcement mechanism was used to encourage this. We used a Link Level Protocol on the ARPANET; NCP packets used one set of one channel numbers and TCP/IP packets used another set. So it was possible to have the ARPANET turn off NCP by rejecting packets sent on those specific channel numbers. This was used to convince people that we were serious in moving from NCP to TCP/IP. In the middle of 1982, we turned off the ability of the network to transmit NCP for one day. This caused a lot of hubbub unless you happened to be running TCP/IP. It wasn't completely convincing that we were serious, so toward the middle of fall we turned off NCP for two days; then on January 1, 1983, it was turned off permanently. The guy who handled a good deal of the logistics for this was Dan Lynch; he was computer center director of USC ISI at the time. He undertook the onerous task of scheduling, planning, and testing to get people up and running on TCP/IP. As many people know, Lynch went on to found INTEROP, which has become the premier trade show for presenting Internet technology. In the same period there was also an intense effort to get implementations to work correctly. Jon Postel engaged in a series of Bake Offs, where implementers would shoot kamikaze packets at each other. Recently, FTP Software has reinstituted Bake Offs to ensure interoperability among modern vendor products. This takes us up to 1983. 1983 to 1985 was a consolidation period. Internet protocols were being more widely implemented. In 1981, 3COM had come out with UNET, which was a UNIX TCP/IP product running on Ethernet. The significant growth in Internet products didn't come until 1985 or so, where we started seeing UNIX and local area networks joining up. DARPA had invested time and energy to get BBN to build a UNIX implementation of TCP/IP and wanted that ported into the Berkeley UNIX release in v4.2. Once that happened, vendors such as Sun started using BSD as the base of commercial products. The Internet takes off By the mid-1980s there was a significant market for Internet-based products. In the 1990s we started to see commercial services showing up, a direct consequence of the NSFNet initiative, which started in 1986 as a 56 Kbps network based on LSI-11s with software developed by David Mills, who was at the University of Delaware. Mills called his NSFNet nodes "Fuzzballs." The NSFNet, which was originally designed to hook supercomputers together, was quickly outstripped by demand and was overhauled for T1. IBM, Merit, and MCI did this, with IBM developing the router software. Len Bozack was the Stanford student who started Cisco Systems. His first client: Hewlett-Packard. Meanwhile Proteon had gotten started, and a number of other routing vendors had emerged. Despite having built the first gateways (now called routers), BBN didn't believe there was a market for routers, so they didn't go into competition with Wellfleet, ACC, Bridge, 3COM, Cisco, and others. The exponential growth of the Internet began in 1986 with the NSFNet. When the NCP to TCP transition occurred in 1983 there were only a couple of hundred computers on the network. As of January 1993 there are over 1.3 million computers in the system. There were only a handful of networks back in 1983; now there are over 10,000. In 1988 I made a conscious decision to pursue connection of the Internet to commercial electronic mail carriers. It wasn't clear that this would be acceptable from the standpoint of federal policy, but I thought that it was important to begin exploring the question. By 1990, an experimental mail relay was running at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) linking MCI Mail with the Internet. In the intervening two years, most commercial email carriers in the U.S. are linked to Internet and many others around the world are following suit. In this same time period, commercial Internet service providers emerged from the collection of intermediate-level networks inspired and sponsored by the National Science Foundation as part of its NSFNet initiatives. Performance Systems International (PSI) was one of the first, spinning off from NYSERNet. UUNET Technologies formed Alternet; Advanced Network and Systems (ANS) was formed by IBM, MERIT, and MCI (with its ANS CO+RE commercial subsidiary); CERFNet was initiated by General Atomics which also runs the San Diego Supercomputer Center; JVNCNet became GES, Inc., offering commercial services; Sprint formed Sprintlink; Infonet offered Infolan service; the Swedish PTT offered SWIPNET, and comparable services were offered in the UK and Finland. The Commercial Internet eXchange was organized by commercial Internet service providers as a traffic transfer point for unrestricted service. In 1990 a conscious effort was made to link in commercial and nonprofit information service providers, and this has also turned out to be useful. Among others, Dow Jones, Telebase, Dialog, CARL, the National Library of Medicine, and RLIN are now online. The last few years have seen internationalization of the system and commercialization, new constituencies well outside of computer science and electrical engineering, regulatory concerns, and security concerns from businesses and out of a concern for our dependence on this as infrastructure. There are questions of pricing and privacy; all of these things are having a significant impact on the technology evolution plan, and with many different stakeholders there are many divergent views of the right way to deal with various problems. These views have to be heard and compromises worked out. The recent rash of books about the Internet is indicative of the emerging recognition of this system as a very critical international infrastructure, and not just for the research and education community. I was astonished to see the CCITT bring up an Internet node; the U.N. has just brought up a node, un.org; IEEE and ACM are bringing their systems up. We are well beyond critical mass now. The 1990s will continue this exponential growth phase. The other scary thing is that we are beginning to see experimentation with packet voice and packet video. I fully anticipate that an Internet TV guide will show up in the next couple of years. I think this kind of phenomenon is going to exacerbate the need for understanding the economics of these systems and how to deal with charging for use of resources. I hesitate to speculate; currently where charges are made they are a fixed price based on the size of the access pipe. It is possible that the continuous transmission requirements of sound and video will require different charging because you are not getting statistical sharing during continuous broadcasting. In the case of multicasting, one packet is multiplied many times. Things like this weren't contemplated when the flat-rate charging algorithms were developed, so the service providers may have to reexamine their charging policies. Concurrent with the exponential explosion in Internet use has come the recognition that there is a real community out there. The community now needs to recognize that it exists, that it has a diversity of interests, and that it has responsibilities to those who are dependent on the continued health of the network. The Internet Society was founded in January 1992. With assistance from the Federal Networking Council, the Internet Society supports the IETF and IAB and educates the broad community by holding conferences and workshops, by proselytizing, and by making information available. I had certain technical ambitions when this project started, but they were all oriented toward highly flexible, dynamic communication for military application, insensitive to differences in technology below the level of the routers. I have been extremely pleased with the robustness of the system and its ability to adapt to new communications technology. One of the main goals of the project was "IP on everything." Whether it is frame relay, ATM, or ISDN, it should always be possible to bring an Internet Protocol up on top of it. We've always been able to get IP to run, so the Internet has satisfied my design criteria. But I didn't have a clue that we would end up with anything like the scale of what we have now, let alone the scale that it's likely to reach by the end of the decade. On scaling The somewhat embarrassing thing is that the network address space is under pressure now. The original design of 1973 and 1974 contemplated a total of 256 networks. There was only one LAN at PARC, and all the other networks were regional or nationwide networks. We didn't think there would be more than 256 research networks involved. When it became clear there would be a lot of local area networks, we invented the concept of Class A, B, and C addresses. In Class C there were several million network IDs. But the problem that was not foreseen was that the routing protocols and Internet topology were not well suited for handling an extremely large number of network IDs. So people preferred to use Class B and subnetting instead. We have a rather sparsely allocated address space in the current Internet design, with Class B allocated to excess and Class A and C allocated only lightly. The lesson is that there is a complex interaction between routing protocols, topology, and scaling, and that determines what Internet routing structure will be necessary for the next ten to twenty years. When I was chairman of the Internet Activities Board and went to the IETF and IAB to characterize the problem, it was clear that the solution had to be incrementally deployable. You can deploy something in parallel, but then how do the new and old interwork? We are seeing proposals of varying kinds to deal with the problem. Some kind of backward compatibility is highly desirable until you can't assign 32-bit address space. Translating gateways have the defect that when you're halfway through, half the community is transitioned and half isn't, and all the traffic between the two has to go through the translating gateway and it's hard to have enough resources to do this. It's still a little early to tell how well the alternatives will satisfy the requirements. We are also dealing not only with the scaling problem, but also with the need not to foreclose important new features, such as concepts of flows, the ability to handle multicasting, and concepts of accounting. I think that as a community we sense varying degrees of pressure for a workable set of solutions. The people who will be most instrumental in this transition will be the vendors of routing equipment and host software, and the offerers of Internet services. It's the people who offer Internet services who have the greatest stake in assuring that Internet operation continues without loss of connectivity, since the value of their service is a function of how many places you can communicate with. The deployability of alternative solutions will determine which is the most attractive. So the transition process is very important. On use by other networks The Domain Name System (DNS) has been a key to the scaling of the Internet, allowing it to include non-Internet email systems and solving the problem of name-to-address mapping in a smooth scalable way. Paul Mockapetris deserves enormous credit for the elegant design of the DNS, on which we are still very dependent. Its primary goal was to solve the problems with the host.txt files and to get rid of centralized management. Support for Mail eXchange (MX) was added after the fact, in a second phase. Once you get a sufficient degree of connectivity, it becomes more advantageous to link to this highly connected thing and tunnel through it rather than to build a system in parallel. So BITNET, FidoNet, AppleTalk, SNA, Novell IPX, and DECNet tunneling are a consequence of the enormous connectivity of the Internet. The Internet has become a test bed for development of other protocols. Since there was no lower level OSI infrastructure available, Marshall Rose proposed that the Internet could be used to try out X.400 and X.500. In RFC 1006, he proposed that we emulate TP0 on top of TCP, and so there was a conscious decision to help higher-level OSI protocols to be deployed in live environments before the lower-level protocols were available. It seems likely that the Internet will continue to be the environment of choice for the deployment of new protocols and for the linking of diverse systems in the academic, government, and business sectors for the remainder of this decade and well into the next. . HTML Markup by Brad Cox (bcox@gmu.edu) |
by Vinton Cerf, as told to Bernard Aboba Copyright (C) 1993 Vinton Cerf. All rights reserved. May be reproduced in any medium for noncommercial purposes. This article appears in "The Online User's Encyclopedia," by Bernard Aboba, Addison-Wesley, November 1993, ISBN 0-201-62214-9 The birth of the ARPANET My involvement began when I was at UCLA doing graduate work from 1967 to 1972. There were several people at UCLA at the time studying under Jerry Estrin, and among them was Stephen Crocker. Stephen was an old high-school friend, and when he found out that I wanted to do graduate work in computer science, he invited me to interview at UCLA. When I started graduate school, I was originally looking at multiprocessor hardware and software. Then a Request For Proposal came in from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA. The proposal was about packet switching, and it went along with the packet-switching network that DARPA was building. Several UCLA faculty were interested in the RFP. Leonard Kleinrock had come to UCLA from MIT, and he brought with him his interest in that kind of communications environment. His thesis was titled Communication Networks: Stochastic Flow and Delay, and he was one of the earliest queuing theorists to examine what packet-switch networking might be like. As a result, the UCLA people proposed to DARPA to organize and run a Network Measurement Center for the ARPANET project. This is how I wound up working at the Network Measurement Center on the implementation of a set of tools for observing the behavior of the fledgling ARPANET. The team included Stephen Crocker; Jon Postel, who has been the RFC editor from the beginning; Robert Braden, who was working at the UCLA computer center; Michael Wingfield, who built the first interface to the Internet for the Xerox Data System Sigma 7 computer, which had originally been the Scientific Data Systems (SDS) Sigma 7; and David Crocker, who became one of the central figures in electronic mail standards for the ARPANET and the Internet. Mike Wingfield built the BBN 1822 interface for the Sigma 7, running at 400 Kbps, which was pretty fast at the time. Around Labor Day in 1969, BBN delivered an Interface Message Processor (IMP) to UCLA that was based on a Honeywell DDP 516, and when they turned it on, it just started running. It was hooked by 50 Kbps circuits to two other sites (SRI and UCSB) in the four-node network: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. We used that network as our first target for studies of network congestion. It was shortly after that I met the person who had done a great deal of the architecture: Robert Kahn, who was at BBN, having gone there from MIT. Bob came out to UCLA to kick the tires of the system in the long haul environment, and we struck up a very productive collaboration. He would ask for software to do something, I would program it overnight, and we would do the tests. One of the many interesting things about the ARPANET packet switches is that they were heavily instrumented in software, and additional programs could be installed remotely from BBN for targeted data sampling. Just as you use trigger signals with oscilloscopes, the IMPs could trigger collection of data if you got into a certain state. You could mark packets and when they went through an IMP that was programmed appropriately, the data would go to the Network Measurement Center. There were many times when we would crash the network trying to stress it, where it exhibited behavior that Bob Kahn had expected, but that others didn't think could happen. One such behavior was reassembly lock-up. Unless you were careful about how you allocated memory, you could have a bunch of partially assembled messages but no room left to reassemble them, in which case it locked up. People didn't believe it could happen statistically, but it did. There were a bunch of cases like that. My interest in networking was strongly influenced by my time at the Network Measurement Center at UCLA. Meanwhile, Larry Roberts had gone from Lincoln Labs to DARPA, where he was in charge of the Information Processing Techniques Office. He was concerned that after building this network, we could do something with it. So out of UCLA came an initiative to design protocols for hosts, which Steve Crocker led. In April 1969, Steve issued the very first Request For Comment. He observed that we were just graduate students at the time and so had no authority. So we had to find a way to document what we were doing without acting like we were imposing anything on anyone. He came up with the RFC methodology to say, "Please comment on this, and tell us what you think." Initially, progress was sluggish in getting the protocols designed and built and deployed. By 1971 there were about nineteen nodes in the initially planned ARPANET, with thirty different university sites that ARPA was funding. Things went slowly because there was an incredible array of machines that needed interface hardware and network software. We had Tenex systems at BBN running on DEC-10s, but there were also PDP8s, PDP-11s, IBM 360s, Multics, Honeywell... you name it. So you had to implement the protocols on each of these different architectures. In late 1971, Larry Roberts at DARPA decided that people needed serious motivation to get things going. In October 1972 there was to be an International Conference on Computer Communications, so Larry asked Bob Kahn at BBN to organize a public demonstration of the ARPANET. It took Bob about a year to get everybody far enough along to demonstrate a bunch of applications on the ARPANET. The idea was that we would install a packet switch and a Terminal Interface Processor or TIP in the basement of the Washington Hilton Hotel, and actually let the public come in and use the ARPANET, running applications all over the U.S. A set of people who are legendary in networking history were involved in getting that demonstration set up. Bob Metcalfe was responsible for the documentation; Ken Pogran who, with David Clark and Noel Chiappa, was instrumental in developing an early ring-based local area network and gateway, which became Proteon products, narrated the slide show; Crocker and Postel were there. Jack Haverty, who later became chief network architect of Oracle and was an MIT undergraduate, was there with a holster full of tools. Frank Heart who led the BBN project; David Walden; Alex McKenzie; Severo Ornstein; and others from BBN who had developed the IMP and TIP. The demo was a roaring success, much to the surprise of the people at AT&T who were skeptical about whether it would work. At that conference a collection of people convened: Donald Davies from the UK, National Physical Laboratory, who had been doing work on packet switching concurrent with DARPA; Remi Despres who was involved with the French Reseau Communication par Paquet (RCP) and later Transpac, their commercial X.25 network; Larry Roberts and Barry Wessler, both of whom later joined and led BBN's Telenet; Gesualdo LeMoli, an Italian network researcher; Kjell Samuelson from the Swedish Royal Institute; John Wedlake from British Telecom; Peter Kirstein from University College London; Louis Pouzin who led the Cyclades/Cigale packet network research program at the Institute Recherche d'Informatique et d'Automatique (IRIA, now INRIA, in France). Roger Scantlebury from NPL with Donald Davies may also have been in attendance. Alex McKenzie from BBN almost certainly was there. I'm sure I have left out some and possibly misremembered others. There were a lot of other people, at least thirty, all of whom had come to this conference because of a serious academic or business interest in networking. At the conference we formed the International Network Working Group or INWG. Stephen Crocker, who by now was at DARPA after leaving UCLA, didn't think he had time to organize the INWG, so he proposed that I do it. I organized and chaired INWG for the first four years, at which time it was affiliated with the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP). Alex Curran, who was president of BNR, Inc., a research laboratory of Bell Northern Research in Palo Alto, California, was the U.S. representative to IFIP Technical Committee 6. He shepherded the transformation of the INWG into the first working group of 6, working group 6.1 (IFIP WG 6.1). In November 1972, I took up an assistant professorship post in computer science and electrical engineering at Stanford. I was one of the first Stanford acquisitions who had an interest in computer networking. Shortly after I got to Stanford, Bob Kahn told me about a project he had going with SRI International, BBN, and Collins Radio, a packet radio project. This was to get a mobile networking environment going. There was also work on a packet satellite system, which was a consequence of work that had been done at the University of Hawaii, based on the ALOHA-Net, done by Norman Abramson, Frank Kuo, and Richard Binder. It was one of the first uses of multiaccess channels. Bob Metcalfe used that idea in designing Ethernet before founding 3COM to commercialize it. The birth of the Internet Bob Kahn described the packet radio and satellite systems, and the internet problem, which was to get host computers to communicate across multiple packet networks without knowing the network technology underneath. As a way of informally exploring this problem, I ran a series of seminars at Stanford attended by students and visitors. The students included Carl Sunshine, who is now at Aerospace Corporation running a laboratory and specializing in the area of protocol proof of correctness; Richard Karp, who wrote the first TCP code and is now president of ISDN technologies in Palo Alto. There was Judy Estrin, a founder of Bridge Communications, which merged with 3COM, and is now an officer at Network Computing Devices (NCD), which makes X display terminals. Yogen Dalal, who edited the December 1974 first TCP specification, did his thesis work with this group, and went on to work at PARC where he was one of the key designers of the Xerox Protocols. Jim Mathis, who was involved in the software of the small-scale LSI-11 implementations of the Internet protocols, went on to SRI International and then to Apple where he did MacTCP. Darryl Rubin went on to become one of the vice presidents of Microsoft. Ron Crane handled hardware in my Stanford lab and went on to key positions at Apple. John Shoch went on to become assistant to the president of Xerox and later ran their System Development Division. Bob Metcalfe attended some of the seminars as well. Gerard Lelann was visiting from IRIA and the Cyclades/Cigale project, and has gone on to do work in distributed computing. We had Dag Belsnes from University of Oslo who did work on the correctness of protocol design; Kuninobu Tanno (from Tohoku University); and Jim Warren, who went on to found the West Coast Computer Faire. Thinking about computer networking problems has had a powerful influence on careers; many of these people have gone on to make major contributions. The very earliest work on the TCP protocols was done at three places. The initial design work was done in my lab at Stanford. The first draft came out in the fall of 1973 for review by INWG at a meeting at University of Sussex (Septemer 1973). A paper by Bob Kahn and me appeared in May 1974 in IEEE Transactions on Communications and the first specification of the TCP protocol was published as an Internet Experiment Note in December 1974. We began doing concurrent implementations at Stanford, BBN, and University College London. So effort at developing the Internet protocols was international from the beginning. In July 1975, the ARPANET was transferred by DARPA to the Defense Communications Agency (now the Defense Information Systems Agency) as an operational network. About this time, military security concerns became more critical and this brought Steve Kent from BBN and Ray McFarland from DoD more deeply into the picture, along with Steve Walker, then at DARPA. At BBN there were two other people: William Plummer and Ray Tomlinson. It was Ray who discovered that our first design lacked and needed a three-way handshake in order to distinguish the start of a new TCP connection from old random duplicate packets that showed up later from an earlier exchange. At University College London, the person in charge was Peter Kirstein. Peter had a lot of graduate and undergraduate students working in the area, using a PDP-9 machine to do the early work. They were at the far end of a satellite link to England. Even at the beginning of this work we were faced with using satellite communications technology as well as ARPANET and packet radio. We went through four iterations of the TCP suite, the last of which came out in 1978. The earliest demonstration of the triple network Internet was in July 1977. We had several people involved. In order to link a mobile packet radio in the Bay Area, Jim Mathis was driving a van on the San Francisco Bayshore Freeway with a packet radio system running on an LSI-11. This was connected to a gateway developed by .i.Internet: history of: Strazisar, Virginia; Virginia Strazisar at BBN. Ginny was monitoring the gateway and had artificially adjusted the routing in the system. It went over the Atlantic via a point-to-point satellite link to Norway and down to London, by land line, and then back through the Atlantic Packet Satellite network (SATNET) through a Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC) system, which had ground stations in Etam, West Virginia, Goonhilly Downs England, and Tanum, Sweden. The German and Italian sites of SATNET hadn't been hooked in yet. Ginny was responsible for gateways from packet radio to ARPANET, and from ARPANET to SATNET. Traffic passed from the mobile unit on the Packet Radio network across the ARPANET over an internal point-to-point satellite link to University College London, and then back through the SATNET into the ARPANET again, and then across the ARPANET to the USC Information Sciences Institute to one of their DEC KA-10 (ISIC) machines. So what we were simulating was someone in a mobile battlefield environment going across a continental network, then across an intercontinental satellite network, and then back into a wireline network to a major computing resource in national headquarters. Since the Defense Department was paying for this, we were looking for demonstrations that would translate to militarily interesting scenarios. So the packets were traveling 94,000 miles round trip, as opposed to what would have been an 800-mile round trip directly on the ARPANET. We didn't lose a bit! After that exciting demonstration, we worked very hard on finalizing the protocols. In the original design we didn't distinguish between TCP and IP; there was just TCP. In the mid-1970s, experiments were being conducted to encode voice through a packet switch, but in order to do that we had to compress the voice severely from 64 Kbps to 1800 bps. If you really worked hard to deliver every packet, to keep the voice playing out without a break, you had to put lots and lots of buffering in the system to allow sequenced reassembly after retransmissions, and you got a very unresponsive system. So Danny Cohen at ISI, who was doing a lot of work on packet voice, argued that we should find a way to deliver packets without requiring reliability. He argued it wasn't useful to retransmit a voice packet end to end. It was worse to suffer a delay of retransmission. That line of reasoning led to separation of TCP, which guaranteed reliable delivery, from IP. So the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was created as the user-accessible way of using IP. And that's how the voice protocols work today, via UDP. Late in 1978 or so, the operational military started to get interested in Internet technology. In 1979 we deployed packet radio systems at Fort Bragg, and they were used in field exercises. The satellite systems were further extended to include ground stations in Italy and Germany. Internet work continued in building more implementations of TCP/IP for systems that weren't covered. While still at DARPA, I formed an Internet Configuration Control Board chaired by David Clark from MIT to assist DARPA in the planning and execution of the evolution of the TCP/IP protocol suite. This group included many of the leading researchers who contributed to the TCP/IP development and was later transformed by my successor at DARPA, Barry Leiner, into the Internet Activities Board (and is now the Internet Architecture Board of the Internet Society). In 1980, it was decided that TCP/IP would be the preferred military protocols. In 1982 it was decided that all the systems on the ARPANET would convert over from NCP to TCP/IP. A clever enforcement mechanism was used to encourage this. We used a Link Level Protocol on the ARPANET; NCP packets used one set of one channel numbers and TCP/IP packets used another set. So it was possible to have the ARPANET turn off NCP by rejecting packets sent on those specific channel numbers. This was used to convince people that we were serious in moving from NCP to TCP/IP. In the middle of 1982, we turned off the ability of the network to transmit NCP for one day. This caused a lot of hubbub unless you happened to be running TCP/IP. It wasn't completely convincing that we were serious, so toward the middle of fall we turned off NCP for two days; then on January 1, 1983, it was turned off permanently. The guy who handled a good deal of the logistics for this was Dan Lynch; he was computer center director of USC ISI at the time. He undertook the onerous task of scheduling, planning, and testing to get people up and running on TCP/IP. As many people know, Lynch went on to found INTEROP, which has become the premier trade show for presenting Internet technology. In the same period there was also an intense effort to get implementations to work correctly. Jon Postel engaged in a series of Bake Offs, where implementers would shoot kamikaze packets at each other. Recently, FTP Software has reinstituted Bake Offs to ensure interoperability among modern vendor products. This takes us up to 1983. 1983 to 1985 was a consolidation period. Internet protocols were being more widely implemented. In 1981, 3COM had come out with UNET, which was a UNIX TCP/IP product running on Ethernet. The significant growth in Internet products didn't come until 1985 or so, where we started seeing UNIX and local area networks joining up. DARPA had invested time and energy to get BBN to build a UNIX implementation of TCP/IP and wanted that ported into the Berkeley UNIX release in v4.2. Once that happened, vendors such as Sun started using BSD as the base of commercial products. The Internet takes off By the mid-1980s there was a significant market for Internet-based products. In the 1990s we started to see commercial services showing up, a direct consequence of the NSFNet initiative, which started in 1986 as a 56 Kbps network based on LSI-11s with software developed by David Mills, who was at the University of Delaware. Mills called his NSFNet nodes "Fuzzballs." The NSFNet, which was originally designed to hook supercomputers together, was quickly outstripped by demand and was overhauled for T1. IBM, Merit, and MCI did this, with IBM developing the router software. Len Bozack was the Stanford student who started Cisco Systems. His first client: Hewlett-Packard. Meanwhile Proteon had gotten started, and a number of other routing vendors had emerged. Despite having built the first gateways (now called routers), BBN didn't believe there was a market for routers, so they didn't go into competition with Wellfleet, ACC, Bridge, 3COM, Cisco, and others. The exponential growth of the Internet began in 1986 with the NSFNet. When the NCP to TCP transition occurred in 1983 there were only a couple of hundred computers on the network. As of January 1993 there are over 1.3 million computers in the system. There were only a handful of networks back in 1983; now there are over 10,000. In 1988 I made a conscious decision to pursue connection of the Internet to commercial electronic mail carriers. It wasn't clear that this would be acceptable from the standpoint of federal policy, but I thought that it was important to begin exploring the question. By 1990, an experimental mail relay was running at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) linking MCI Mail with the Internet. In the intervening two years, most commercial email carriers in the U.S. are linked to Internet and many others around the world are following suit. In this same time period, commercial Internet service providers emerged from the collection of intermediate-level networks inspired and sponsored by the National Science Foundation as part of its NSFNet initiatives. Performance Systems International (PSI) was one of the first, spinning off from NYSERNet. UUNET Technologies formed Alternet; Advanced Network and Systems (ANS) was formed by IBM, MERIT, and MCI (with its ANS CO+RE commercial subsidiary); CERFNet was initiated by General Atomics which also runs the San Diego Supercomputer Center; JVNCNet became GES, Inc., offering commercial services; Sprint formed Sprintlink; Infonet offered Infolan service; the Swedish PTT offered SWIPNET, and comparable services were offered in the UK and Finland. The Commercial Internet eXchange was organized by commercial Internet service providers as a traffic transfer point for unrestricted service. In 1990 a conscious effort was made to link in commercial and nonprofit information service providers, and this has also turned out to be useful. Among others, Dow Jones, Telebase, Dialog, CARL, the National Library of Medicine, and RLIN are now online. The last few years have seen internationalization of the system and commercialization, new constituencies well outside of computer science and electrical engineering, regulatory concerns, and security concerns from businesses and out of a concern for our dependence on this as infrastructure. There are questions of pricing and privacy; all of these things are having a significant impact on the technology evolution plan, and with many different stakeholders there are many divergent views of the right way to deal with various problems. These views have to be heard and compromises worked out. The recent rash of books about the Internet is indicative of the emerging recognition of this system as a very critical international infrastructure, and not just for the research and education community. I was astonished to see the CCITT bring up an Internet node; the U.N. has just brought up a node, un.org; IEEE and ACM are bringing their systems up. We are well beyond critical mass now. The 1990s will continue this exponential growth phase. The other scary thing is that we are beginning to see experimentation with packet voice and packet video. I fully anticipate that an Internet TV guide will show up in the next couple of years. I think this kind of phenomenon is going to exacerbate the need for understanding the economics of these systems and how to deal with charging for use of resources. I hesitate to speculate; currently where charges are made they are a fixed price based on the size of the access pipe. It is possible that the continuous transmission requirements of sound and video will require different charging because you are not getting statistical sharing during continuous broadcasting. In the case of multicasting, one packet is multiplied many times. Things like this weren't contemplated when the flat-rate charging algorithms were developed, so the service providers may have to reexamine their charging policies. Concurrent with the exponential explosion in Internet use has come the recognition that there is a real community out there. The community now needs to recognize that it exists, that it has a diversity of interests, and that it has responsibilities to those who are dependent on the continued health of the network. The Internet Society was founded in January 1992. With assistance from the Federal Networking Council, the Internet Society supports the IETF and IAB and educates the broad community by holding conferences and workshops, by proselytizing, and by making information available. I had certain technical ambitions when this project started, but they were all oriented toward highly flexible, dynamic communication for military application, insensitive to differences in technology below the level of the routers. I have been extremely pleased with the robustness of the system and its ability to adapt to new communications technology. One of the main goals of the project was "IP on everything." Whether it is frame relay, ATM, or ISDN, it should always be possible to bring an Internet Protocol up on top of it. We've always been able to get IP to run, so the Internet has satisfied my design criteria. But I didn't have a clue that we would end up with anything like the scale of what we have now, let alone the scale that it's likely to reach by the end of the decade. On scaling The somewhat embarrassing thing is that the network address space is under pressure now. The original design of 1973 and 1974 contemplated a total of 256 networks. There was only one LAN at PARC, and all the other networks were regional or nationwide networks. We didn't think there would be more than 256 research networks involved. When it became clear there would be a lot of local area networks, we invented the concept of Class A, B, and C addresses. In Class C there were several million network IDs. But the problem that was not foreseen was that the routing protocols and Internet topology were not well suited for handling an extremely large number of network IDs. So people preferred to use Class B and subnetting instead. We have a rather sparsely allocated address space in the current Internet design, with Class B allocated to excess and Class A and C allocated only lightly. The lesson is that there is a complex interaction between routing protocols, topology, and scaling, and that determines what Internet routing structure will be necessary for the next ten to twenty years. When I was chairman of the Internet Activities Board and went to the IETF and IAB to characterize the problem, it was clear that the solution had to be incrementally deployable. You can deploy something in parallel, but then how do the new and old interwork? We are seeing proposals of varying kinds to deal with the problem. Some kind of backward compatibility is highly desirable until you can't assign 32-bit address space. Translating gateways have the defect that when you're halfway through, half the community is transitioned and half isn't, and all the traffic between the two has to go through the translating gateway and it's hard to have enough resources to do this. It's still a little early to tell how well the alternatives will satisfy the requirements. We are also dealing not only with the scaling problem, but also with the need not to foreclose important new features, such as concepts of flows, the ability to handle multicasting, and concepts of accounting. I think that as a community we sense varying degrees of pressure for a workable set of solutions. The people who will be most instrumental in this transition will be the vendors of routing equipment and host software, and the offerers of Internet services. It's the people who offer Internet services who have the greatest stake in assuring that Internet operation continues without loss of connectivity, since the value of their service is a function of how many places you can communicate with. The deployability of alternative solutions will determine which is the most attractive. So the transition process is very important. On use by other networks The Domain Name System (DNS) has been a key to the scaling of the Internet, allowing it to include non-Internet email systems and solving the problem of name-to-address mapping in a smooth scalable way. Paul Mockapetris deserves enormous credit for the elegant design of the DNS, on which we are still very dependent. Its primary goal was to solve the problems with the host.txt files and to get rid of centralized management. Support for Mail eXchange (MX) was added after the fact, in a second phase. Once you get a sufficient degree of connectivity, it becomes more advantageous to link to this highly connected thing and tunnel through it rather than to build a system in parallel. So BITNET, FidoNet, AppleTalk, SNA, Novell IPX, and DECNet tunneling are a consequence of the enormous connectivity of the Internet. The Internet has become a test bed for development of other protocols. Since there was no lower level OSI infrastructure available, Marshall Rose proposed that the Internet could be used to try out X.400 and X.500. In RFC 1006, he proposed that we emulate TP0 on top of TCP, and so there was a conscious decision to help higher-level OSI protocols to be deployed in live environments before the lower-level protocols were available. It seems likely that the Internet will continue to be the environment of choice for the deployment of new protocols and for the linking of diverse systems in the academic, government, and business sectors for the remainder of this decade and well into the next. . HTML Markup by Brad Cox (bcox@gmu.edu) ;-p |
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Trace... I love it when my posts are challenged like the abortion string, I love that shit... Your a moron, if someone doesn't like their views challenged they shouldn't post on a message board like this. And some how I belive that you do post under other names, and that Antigone is right, and if your going to get pissed at someone at least spell their fucking name right. Fucking Hypocritical Moron. |
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